PF 3109 
.M6 

Copy 1 



PF 3109 
.M6 

Copy 1 




,.-■ 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, I 



. Shelf ll- , - l V \:io 
UNITED .STATES OF AMERiCA. 






GERM AIT 

WITHOUT 

v 

A MASTER. 

In Six Easy Lessons. 
BY A. H. MONTEITH, ESQ. 

HON. MEMB. OF THE W. L. C.-AUTHOR OF " FRENCH WITHOUT A MASTER," fee. 



Hao-fbrk : 



WILSON AND COMPANY, BROTHER JONATHAN PRESS. 

»-M"w^w><**><~ >« *v** > <* « ^> « ~ «« n > <~ i «*><*>»*> i n T»r'^-»r» r w n > i^ ii ft ii r »i n iii n i m 1 i Ri iii n t p »i r) i -Trf - » < ~ » iriir* rnrri-n*iif*ii*V"M—i <-> r*w~ ffn fv ~ i 



ROBERTSONIAN METHOD. 



COURSE OF LESSONS 



GERMAN LANGUAGE, 



INTENDED FOR 



THE USE OF PERSONS STUDYING THE LANGUAGE 
WITHOUT A MASTER. 



BT 

A. H. MONTEITH, Esq. 

HON. MEM. OP THE W. L. C. 






N E W-Y RK: 
WILSON AND COMPANY, 15 SPRUCE. STREET 

1846. 



INTRODUCTION. 



As we wish to establish a good understanding between our pupils and 
ourselves, we shall state precisely what we intend to do for them, 
what we shall expect them to do for themselves, and what the result 
shall be, providing they fulfil the share of the obligations assigned to. 
them. C, 

We profess to enable a person unacquainted with German, to read, 
write, and speak, that language, without the aid of oral instruction. 
To effect this, we shall give a portion of German in each lesson as an 
exercise in reading, and from this we shall deduce rules for the 
guidance of the learner in writing. We shall not promise to enable 
the learner to speak German in absolute perfection ; but we shall give 
such a notion of the sounds peculiar to the language as will enable 
him to approach nearer their true enunciation than that given to them 
by a large proportion of the natives themselves. We shall give such 
a view of the pronunciation as will enable the learner to make himself 
understood in German, and which a short intercourse with persons 
who speak the language correctly may ripen into perfect maturity. 

All this, however, we promise only on the condition that we are 
seconded in our efforts by the learner himself : we shall expect strict 
attention to the instructions we shall give ; we shall expect that the 
directions we lay down will be implicitly obeyed, and that nothing will 
be passed over, without a thorough investigation of the subject it 
involves. To the careless or inattentive we promise nothing ; the 
desultory or idle student will derive no benefit whatever from these 



The German printed character being different from the English, the 
first thing the learner will have to do, is to acquire some facility in 
distinguishing the letters of the alphabet. The German and English 
alphabets are precisely the same, except in so far as regards the form 
of the character. We give therefore the alphabet in the German 
character, so that the learner may familiarize himself with the letters ; 
and we would recommend him him to pay special attention to the dif- 
ference between the capital R and N, as also between the B and V, 
as these letters are very apt to be mistaken for each other by the begin- 
ner. We shall not in the mean time speak of the sounds ; these re- 
quire to be treated in detail, and will be explained at length in the 
course of the lessons. 



THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. 



LESSON FIRST. 







THE ALPHABET. 










Names of the Letters. 








Names of the Letters. 


5t a 


a 




ah 


SR it 




n 


en 


23 b 


b 




bay 


© o 










(5 c 


c 




tsay 


V P 




P 


pay 


®b 


d 




day 


Dq 




q 


koo 


<g e 


e 




ai 


31 r 




r 


er 


8 f 


f 




ef 


©f * 




s 


es 


©9 


g 




gay 


X t 




t 


tay 


$b 


h 




ha 


U u 




u 


00 


3 i 


i 




ee 


2J o 




V 


fa-oc 


i 


J 




yote 


see w 




w 


way 


tf f 


k 




ka 


X x 




X 


eex 


2 I 


1 




el 


9 9 




y 


ipsil 


9Km 


m 


& 

6 


em 

DIPTHTl 


3 a 

10NGS. 


ae 
oe 


z 


tsed 






it 


♦ ♦ . 


► . ♦ 


ue. 





The only peculiarity to be observed with regard to the foregoing table 
is, that the diphthongs ae, oe, and ue, are represented by the vowels 
a, 0, and it, respectively, with two points, or some other kind of mark 
on the top of each, to distinguish them from the simple vowels. 



CONVERSATION. 

In order to converse in German, it will be necessary to acquire the 
words most usually employed in asking questions. The following are 
the more useful of these interrogatives, together with their pronuncia- 
tion and English equivalents. These the learner should read two or 
three times over, so as to impress them on the memory, pronouncing 
them aloud, in order to ac custom his ear to the German sounds. 





PRONUNCIATION. 






SDBer? . 


* who ? 




pronounced 


w$r. 


SDBeffen? . ♦ 


( whose ? ) 
( of what? \ 




» 


wes'-sen. 


28em?. . . 


♦ to whom ? 




» 


waim. 


OBcn ? . . . 


♦ whom ? 




» 


w(in. 


2Ba$? . . . 


. what ? 




» 


was. 


SKMcfyer? . . 


♦ wZwc^ ? 




!l 


wel'-xer* 


2Bamt? . . 


♦ w^en ? 




II 


wan. 


3Bo? , .. . 


. where ? 




»l 


wo. 


2Bfe? . . . 


. /lOW ? 




» 


wee. 


2Bte trie! ?♦ , 


^ Aow many ? $ 


»f 


wee-feel . 


SBarum? . . 


. why ? 




J> 


wa-room'. 


28a$fitr?. . 


i what ? 

\ what suit ? 


i 


II 


wasfur.\ 


SECrtl? . ♦ ". 


. because 




» 


wile. \ 


Kent? . . . 


♦ no 




Jl 


nine. 


So ... . 


♦ y es 




Jl 


ya. 



In pronouncing the foregoing words, the learner must throw the 
stress of his voice on the syllable we have marked with an accent, 
just as he would do in pronouncing the second syllable of the English 
word impose. Of the words themselves, we shall make a practical 
use in the next lesson : but, in the mean time, the learner must en- 
deavour to acquire their proper pronunciation, and to get them firmly 
fixed on the memory. 

PRONUNCIATION. 

CHARACTERISTICS. 

We mean by the term characteristics, such German sounds as are 
not found in English : of these there are three, the sounds given to 
the diphthongs ii, and 0, and the guttural sound given to d) ; of these 
three sounds, the most difficult to convey an accurate conception is the 
guttural. It is a curious fact with regard to this sound, that though 
it is made use of by almost every people on the face of the earth, 
except perhaps by the French and Italians, and by one-half of the 
inhabitants of the British Islands, it is deemed an alien in and around 
London. The guttural sound given by the Germans to ch, is found 
in the soft language of Castile and in the harsh intonation of Russia ; 
it is used by the fair maidens of Circassia, and by the dark aborigines 
of America ; it is heard on the banks of the Tweed, the LifFey, and 

* For the sound marked £, see article Pronunciation, page 6. 
t For the sound marked thus u, see article Pronunciation, page 5. 
X Pronounce i, marked thus I, Uke i in nine. 



PKONTTNCIATION. 5 

the Severn ; yet it is all but unknown on the banks of the Thames ! 
We are perhaps wrong, however, in stating that this sound is not found 
in the English language — there is one word at least in which it occurs ; 
we allude to the word ich, in the scroll of the Prince of Wales's 
escutcheon. We cannot pretend to say how this word is pronounced 
by the multitude ; but we know that the elite of the English capital 
give the ch the guttural sound those letters have in German. No 
Englishman, we dare say, will venture to dispute the pronunciation of 
the Queen ; and when we can adduce such high authority for the 
guttural pronunciation of the ch in ich dien, we may safely assert that 
the sound itself really exists in the English language, and that whether 
the people of the great metropolis pronounce Ich, each or itch, ek or ik, 
they do so at the risk of having the accuracy of their pronunciation 
called in question, and have only ignorance to urge as an excuse for 
their impropriety. Apart then from the necessity of the learner be- 
coming acquainted with this sound in order to speak German correctly, 
he ought to acquire it to avoid perpetrating an enormity in his own 
language. So far as German is concerned, an exact enunciation of this 
sound is absolutely necessary. It has, with the exception we have 
mentioned, nothing precisely resembling it in English ; but if the 
learner places his tongue at the root of his lower teeth, and makes a 
slight effort to pronounce the word each, he will infallibly produce it. 
We admit, however, that this effort would require to be verified in some 
way or other. It would be well if the learner could obtain the sound 
from a native of Germany ; but failing this resource, there are others 
at command. We have said that the sound is used by the natives of 
Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. The inflection given by a native of 
Scotland to the ch in the word loch, is precisely the German sound of 
the letters. The guttural sound of ch is therefore accessible to any one 
who may be desirous of obtaining it, and it is the only German sound 
that need cause the learner any trouble. The next characteristic in 
order of difficulty is the sound of the it. This diphthong is enunciated 
like the French u. The nearest English approximation to this sound 
occurs in the word doing. When doing is rapidly pronounced, the o 
and the i blend together, and produce, as nearly as possible, the sound 
of the German it. The exact sound given by the Germans to this 
diphthong, may be obtained by placing the lips in a projecting position 
and pronouncing the letter e. We had occasion to remark in a former 
treatise, in speaking of the French u, that an approximation in the 
case of a sound of this description will answer all practical purposes. 
The natives of Germany do not always give the same sound to their 
letters : as a native of Lancaster or York differs from a native of 
London in the pronunciation of the vowel u, so the inhabitants of the 
1* 



different .states of Germany vary amongst themselves in the inflection 
of the diphthong U ; and a native of England, who follows the direc 
tions we have given him, cannot by any chance deviate more widely 
from the actual standard, than do habitually the natives of Berlin antf 
Vienna. 

The third and last characteristic is the sound represented by ; this 
diphthong is pronounced like the French eu. The inflection given by 
a native of London to ir, in such words as birth, mirth, is a still more 
correct pronunciation of the 0. The sound usually given by the Eng- 
lish to the eu in the word guest, is also a very close approximation to 
the 0, and may give the learner such a conception of it, as will enable 
him to pronounce this German diphthong with a sufficient degree of 
accuracy. The learner then, has to form the most accurate concep 
tion possible of the three sounds we have named. They constitute 
the only real difficulties he will have to overcome in order to pronounce 
German. They are the only difficulties in which the aid of a master 
might be deemed necessary, but certainly they are not insurmountable 
without one. We admit that it would be better to obtain the sounds 
of the 6), the it, and the 0, from the mouth of a native of Germany ; 
but failing this, the English approximations pointed out, conjoined with 
the instructions we have given for enunciating them, will enable the 
learner to pronounce these three characteristics, if not with perfect ac- 
curacy, at least with as much precision as one half of the Germans 
themselves. 

In the present and succeeding lessons, when giving the pronuncia- 
tion of the German words, we shall represent the sound of the rf) by 
the Greek y, ; and the sound of the two diphthongs by these diphthongs 
themselves printed in the German character. 

GRAMMAR. 



The chief difficulty to be overcome by the learner, in order to write 
German with propriety, arises from the variable terminations of what 
are called the declinable words. In English an adjective is invariable ; 
that is, it remains the same under all circumstances ; and an English 
noun is subject to only one grammatical desinence — that indicative of 
the plural number. In German, on the contrary, every word of the 
two classes we have named, undergoes a series of changes, more or 
less numerous, according to the nature of its inflection or to the letters 
of which it is composed. The principle that operates these changes 
is called by grammarians Case ; and as this principle cannot, properly 
speaking, be said to exist either in English or in any of the other 



modern languages, it appears to us necessary to show in what it con- 
sists ; at least in so far as the German words are affected by the prin- 
ciple it involves. 

There are in English a set of little words called prepositions, that 
are employed to express the relations existing between the objects or 
actions named in a sentence. For example : in the sentence, George 
went to Gotha, the preposition to expresses that Gotha is the aim or 
point to which the motion of George tended ; in the sentence, George 
lives at, in, near, about, above, or below Gotha, the preposition at, in, 
near, about, above, or beloio, represents Gotha in a state of repose in 
relation to George ; again, in the sentence, George is of Gotha, the 
preposition of represents a relation of affinity between George and 
Gotha ; and in the sentence, George is from Gotha, the preposition 
from represents a relation of separation between George and Gotha. 
In the older languages it appears to have been usual to represent these 
relations not as in English by a word placed before the noun, but by a 
syllable appended to it. In Latin, the sentence " He came to Lon- 
don," is Venit Londinum, the syllable um being equivalent to the Eng- 
lish preposition to ; and when employed in this way indicates that the 
object to which it is appended is a point to which a forward motion 
tends. It is the faculty of representing in this way the logical rela- 
tion of one word to another by a change of termination, rather than 
by a preposition, that is signified by the term Case. It is necessary 
at the same time to observe, that prepositions were occasionally made 
use of in the older languages, but this did not in the slightest degree 
imply a disuse of the Case termination ; notwithstanding the use of 
the prepositions, the nouns continued to indicate their relation to each 
other just as if no preposition existed in the sentence at all. So in 
German, the nouns indicate by their termination their business in a 
sentence, as well as their number and gender. In the phrase, He is in 
tlte empire, both the article the and the noun empire assume in German 
the termination indicative of repose, even though the preposition in, that 
expresses this idea, be made use of ; and it is as essential in German to 
indicate the logical relation of a noun by its proper modification of ter- 
mination, as it is in English to express the plural by adding an s to the 
singular, when more than one of an object are spoken of. The num- 
ber of relations, or cases, that require to be indicated in German by a 
variation in the termination of the word are four. The declinable 
words of the language being thus disposed into four classes, as follow : 

I. Words simply naming the object of which some action is about 
to be expressed, are said to be in the Nominative case 

II. Words expressing between two persons, or two objects, or even 



8 CONSTRUCTION. 

between two actions, a relation of dependence, of descent, or a por« 
tion of a whole quantity, are said to be in the Genitive case. 

III. Words expressing extraction, a point of departure, a state of 
rest ; the person to whom any thing is given, to whom it belongs ; the 
end or object in view in doing any thing, the means or instrument 
employed in doing it, and the manner in which it is done, are said to 
be in the Dative case. 

IV. Words that are the direct object of an action expressed by a 
verb, or that are the aim or point to which motion tends, are said to be 
in the Accusative case. 

The foregoing table will enable the learner to determine to what 
case any German noun he may meet with belongs, without reference 
to its termination. It will also enable him to judge in what case he 
should put any German noun he may have occasion to make use of. 
We have said that each case has a particular termination to express it. 
Under the head Construction, we shall give the learner rules for ad- 
hibiting these case terminations. 

CONSTRUCTION. 

I. 

HOW TO DECLINE THE SUBSTANTIVES. 

Under this head, Construction, we shall give the learner a series of 
rules for his guidance in writing German, and we may remark here, 
that of all the modern languages of Europe, German is deemed the 
most difficult to write correctly ; but this intelligence need in no way 
alarm the assiduous student, the German construction needs only be 
clearly explained and attentively studied, to become the simplest mat- 
ter imaginable. The chief difficulty the beginner has to encounter 
proceeds, as we have said, from the fluctuating terminations of decli- 
nable words, and it is to these that we propose at present to direct his 
attention. We have stated under the head Grammar, that the Ger- 
man nouns have four cases, each of which has to be indicated by a 
particular termination. If there were four distinct terminations cor- 
responding with these four cases, the difficulty would not be great ; but 
it is not so. Some words have one set of variations ; others, another ; 
so that the construction of the cases is not without complexity. It is 
necessary to observe also, that the German nouns do not, like the Eng- 
lish, take an s to form the plural ; terminations are added to the sin- 
gular that involve both an idea of plurality and the relation of case : 
in reality, therefore, each noun has not only the four terminations 
indicative of case ; but also. four others, to indicate the plural of them. 



CONSTRUCTION. 9 

each having thus eight distinct terminations. It is necessary further to 
state that there are in German, as in English, three genders ; but that 
in the former language a distinction of sex is not rigidly understood 
by the term gender — a woman may be of the masculine gender, and 
inanimate objects are said occasionally to be male or female. The 
term gender implying more a grammatical distinction of the words 
than any thing else. 

In order to find the various cases of a noun, it is necessary first to 
know its gender, its nominative singular and nominative plural ; these 
are given in the dictionary,* and it is to that source the learner must 
apply for these particulars, until his familiarity with the language ren- 
ders reference to the dictionary no longer necessary. The gender 
and the nominative plural being known, the following rules will enable 
the learner to construct the other cases of nearly every noun in the 



TO FORM THE PLURAL. 

I. The cases of the plural are all the same as the nominative, except the 
dative, which must end in n f. 

TO FORM THE SINGULAR. 

II. The cases of the singular are formed from the nominative plural. 

III. All the cases of feminine nouns are the same as the nominative singular , 

IV. Nouns that form the nominative plural by the addition of n or en to the sin- 

gular, keep this addition through all the cases. 
V". Nouns that form the nominative plural by the addition of c or et to the sin- 
gular, take eg in the genitive, and e in the dative. 
VI. Nouns that have the nominative singular and plural alike, take $ in the ge 
nitive ; all other cases same as nominative. 
Now supposing the learner had to decline such a noun as ©(fen, food, on 
consulting his dictionary he would find (Sffen to be of the neuter gender, and 
that the nominative plural is (Sjfcn ; consequently by rules I. and VI. he would 
decline it thus : 



SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 




Nom. .... Qjflen 
Gen. .... @fjeng 
Dat. .... (Sfiett 
Acc @fjen 


Nom. . . . 
Gen. . . . 
Dat. . . . 
Ace. . . . 


. (gfien 
. (gfjeit 
. @ficrt 



Then again the noun <Scba|, a treasure, he would find to be a masculine noun, 
nominative plural ©cbafec, consequently is declined by rules I. and V. in the 
following manner : 

* In purchasing a Dictionary, the learner must observe that it states the gender, 
and gives the nominative plural. In a great many of them the latter is not inserted. 

t The learner will understand by this rule, that if the nominative plural does not 
end in the letter n, he must add one to form the dative. 



10 CONSTRUCTION. 



SINGULAR. PLURAL. 



Nom. . . . ©cfyafc 

Gen. . . . ©cfyafce* 

Dat. . . ♦ @cf)a£e 

Ace. . . . ©ctyafc 



Nom. . . . ©cf)a£e 

Gen. . « . ©d)d§c 

Dat. . . . ©dj&jjett 

Ace. . . . ©d)d$e 



Again, the noun 2tbftcftt, intention, the dictionary says is a feminine noun ; no- 
minative plural, 2Cbjid)tcn ; so by rules I. and III. is declined : 



SINGULAR. 



Nom. . . . Slbjtcnt 

Gen. . . . 2lbjuf)t 

Dat. . . . 2ibftrf)t 

Ace . . . 2Jbjtd)t 



Nom. . . . 2l6jTd)tett 

Gen. . . . 2ib(Td)tcn 

Dat. . . . 2Ibficf)tert 

Ace. ♦ . ♦ 2lbjTd)ten 



And so with all the others. There is no rule absolutely without exception, 
and so it is with the rules we have given ; they are as perfect as the subject 
they involve admits, but here and there an exceptive word will occur ; as such 
present themselves in the course of our lesso ns, we shall explain why and how 
they depart from the rules we have given. 

With regard to when one case of a noun should be employed and when an- 
other, we refer to the table of the cases under the head Grammar, which will 
give the learner some general notions on the subject : we shall revert to parti- 
cular employments of the cases in the progress of the lessons. 
II. 

HOW TO DECLINE THE ADJECTIVES. 

The adjectives of the German language must agree in number, in gender, 
and in case, with their substantives. It follows that there must be a case of the 
adjective to correspond with each case of the noun, and in addition to this, that 
there must be a form of the adjective to accord with the three genders. The 
adjective has, consequently, a greater number of variations than the substan- 
tive ; but these variations are not subject to any irregularity. The following 
is the adjective, gat, good, with its case endings, which will serve as a model 
for declining all the other adjectives : 







SINGULAR. 




PLURAL. 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neuter. 


For all Genders. 


Nom. 


©itfcer 


@ut*e 


®ut>e# 


©ut*e 


Gen. 


©ut*e$* 


®ut*er 


©ut*e$* 


©ufcer 


Dat. 


©ut*em 


@ut<er 


©ut*em 


©ut*eit 


Ace. 


©utatt 


®\Xt*i 


©ufreS 


©itt*e 



When two or more adjectives are used with a noun, they must all be of the 
same number, gender, and case, and consequently have all the same termination ; 
but when one of these happens to be a determinative, that is to say, an adjective 
■which does not express some quality inherent in the noun itself, — as for ex- 

* In practice, the form guten is commonly made use of in the genitive singular, 
masculine and neuter. 



CONSTRUCTION. 11 

ample, the words this, that, the, yon, and such like, then the adjective is ex- 
empted from rig-idly following its declension, but it is still subject to the following 
formula : 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

Masculine. Fern. § Neuter. For all Genders. 
Norn. @ut*e ©ut*e ©ut*ett 

Gen. ©ut*en ©ut*ett ©ut*ett 

Dat. ©ufcett ©ufcett ©ut^ett 

Ace. ©ut*eit ©ut*e ©ufcett 

Again, when an adjective is preceded by the indefinite article, cm, a, or the 
pronouns, fein, no, mcitl, my, fcetn, thy, unfet, our, euer, your, tfir, Aw, it is de- 
clined as follows : 



SINGULAR. 




PLURAL. 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


For aZZ Genders. 


Norn. ©titer 


©ttt*e 


©ttt*e$ 


©ttfrerc 


Gen. ©ut*ett 


©ufcett 


©utott 


©ut*en 


Dat. ©ut^ett 


©ttt*ett 


©ufcett 


©Ut^Clt 


Ace. ©ttfcett 


@ttt*e 


@ut*e$ 


©utott 



All this must appear very puzzling to the beginner, and so it is, but at the same 
time it is all that can be considered complicated in the German as it stands in 
relation to the English language. 

III. 

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. 

The word the being employed to determine, or in some way or other to modify 
the meaning of a substantive, it is an adjective, and consequently is declined like 
other words of the same class. The case terminations, however, have in one or 
two instances become blended with the letters of the root, so that it is necessary 
to exhibit the declension of this word entire. The following then is the article 
the in the various forms it assumes in German : 





SINGULAR 




PLURAL. 


Masc. 


Fern. 


Neuter, 


For all Genders. 


Nom. ber 


bte 


bad 


bte 


Gen. be$ 


ber 


bed 


bcr 


Dat. bent 


bcr 


bent 


bert 


Ace. ben 


bte 


has 


bte 



On comparing the above with the model we have given in the preceding sec- 
tion for declining the adjectives, the terminations will be found precisely the 
same. 

There is, perhaps, no word in the English language that occurs more fre- 
quently than the article the, and so it is in German ; the definite article appears 
in one or other of its forms in almost every sentence. We shall therefore ex- 



12 CONSTRUCTION. 

pect the learner to make himself so perfectly famHiar with it, as to be able to 
decline it with as much facility and as much accuracy as his A B C. 

The different forms of the article are pronounced as similar combinations of 
letters would be in English, with the exception of the feminine form t>tc, -which 
is pronounced as if written dee; the learner then can scarcely go wrong in the 
pronunciation. 

IV. 

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE. 

We have eaid in the preceding section that no word occurs more frequently 
in German than the definite article the, and that consequently the learner must 
make himself perfectly familiar with it, in all its forms. The same remark is 
also applicable to the indefinite article (Sin, a or an, of which the learner will 
have to make constant use in writing German. This word is declined as 
follows : 





Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Norn. . 


♦ ©tt 


dine 


din 


Gen. . 


. (£w$ 


diner 


dine$ 


Dat. . 


♦ dinem 


dinev 


dinetn 


Ace. 


. Grinert 


@me 


din 



The word a or an being used only to determine single objects, ctn has no 
forms for the plural number. 

The Messieurs* Chambers, in a recent number of their Journal, say, that the 
proper use of a Grammar is to teach the theoretical construction of a language 
after a colloquial or practical knowledge of it had in some degree been acquired. 
This is precisely our opinion on the subject. The learner must not, therefore, 
be alarmed by the tables we have given in this and in the preceding sections ; 
nor suppose because we have dwelt so long on the verbal modifications of the 
nouns and adjectives, that we intend to fill our pages with the sterile abstrac- 
tions of the Grammar. It is absolutely necessary to be acquainted with the 
nature of the transformations to which the declinable words are subject, in order 
to write German ; but beyond what is necessary to acquaint him with this, we 
shall not cool the ardour of the learner with grammatical formulae. "We must, 
however, remind him that he must learn what we tell him to learn, and do what 
we tell him to do, else we will not be answerable for his proficiency in the lan- 
guage. The indefinite article ctn is pronounced like ine of the English word 
nine; the feminine form cine is pronounced as if written ina, the final c in Ger- 
man having the short sound of the English a. 

V. 

THE NUMERALS. 

Figures being of the greatest possible utility in the practice of a language, we 
shall give here the German numerals from one to twenty, together with their 
pronunciation, so that the learner may count in German if so disposed. 



CONSTRUCTION. 



18 



1 ettt . . ♦ ♦ pronounced ine. 

2 jwei „ ts-wi. 

3 brei „ dry. 

4 Oter . „ feer. 

5 funf . ♦ ♦ ♦ • j, funf. 

6 fec^^ ♦ ♦ ♦ j, sex. 

7 ftebert » ♦ » see-ben. 

8 flrf)t . . ♦ . „ ax*. 

9 neutt ♦ ♦ ,i rarce. 

10 jefyrt ♦ ♦ ♦ n tsain. 

11 elf ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ „ eZ/. 
12jn>oIf ]| ts-wolf. 
13 bretjefytt ♦ ♦ ♦ „ drlt-sain. 
Mttterjebtt ♦ ♦ ♦ „ feert-sain. 

15 fi'mfjehtt ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ i, funft-sain. 

16 fecfydjefytt ♦ . „ sext-sain. 

17 ftebert$ef)tt „ see-bent-sain. 

18 acfytjefut ♦ ♦ ♦ „ azt-sain. 

19 nemtjeljtt ♦ ♦ . » nlnt-sain. 

20 jwan^tg „ tswant-sig. 

21 eitt unb jWattjtg . ♦ „ ine-unt tswant-sig. 

22 jroet unb jwattjtg ♦ ♦ „ zwi-unt tswant-sig. 
30 bret|3ig . ♦ . . „ drit-zig. 

The German numerals, with the exception of ©in, one, 3roct, two, and 35ret, 
Mree, are not susceptible of case endings. They always have the same form — 
those given above. The numeral (Sin, one, when it is followed by a noun, as 
in the phrase " there was one traveller," assumes the same series of termina- 
tions that we have shown it to possess as an article in the preceding section. 
When the noun to which Sin relates does not appear in the sentence, then one 
is rendered by Since for the masculine, and (SitlC$ for the neuter ; as in the sen- 
tences, (Since s>en un$ mu{j geben, one of us must go ; St bat ^roci Kckbe, c t n c 5 
ifi jerftort, he had two kingdoms, one is destroyed. In simple enumeration, the 
foim StnS is employed as, eg bat ring fjefcblacjon, it has struck one. 

The numerals jroci, two, and brct, three, have, besides the nominative, only the 
forms jrceter. and fcrcier. for the genitive, and jrccten and fctcien for the dative, 
without distinction of gender. We shall have occasion to make use of some of 
these numerals by and by, so that these remarks will have to be borne in mind. 



THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. 



LESSON SECOND. 



READING. 



2)ret Sfatfenbe fanben etnen ©rf)a£ auf tfyrem 5 iBege, unb fagten 
Sa nrir hunger haben, mug etner »on unS ge^en, urn ©film gu faufen 
3n btefer 2lbftd)t gtng etner fort unb bracfyte ihnen, n>a$ $u einer ^Sfla^U 
|ett gefyort. 



In order to read the above, the learner will have to be taught, first, 
the pronunciation of the words, and then their signification. We shall 
therefore repeat the text, and place under each German word such a 
combination of letters as may convey to the English learner a notion 
of its pronunciation, together with accents to point out the syllables 
on which the stress of the voice should be made to repose. This done, 
we shall again repeat the text, and place under each German word its 
exact equivalent in English. A careful examination of these two 
tables will enable the learner to pronounce the words in German with 
a sufficient degree of accuracy, as also to translate the portion of 
German we have chosen as the text of our present lesson correctly 
into English. We may here observe, that a little attention bestowed 
at the outset will be of great ultimate advantage ; if the learner forms 
an accurate conception of the value and meaning of the words now, 
he will experience little difficulty with the exercises of the lessons that 
are to follow. 

The following is a repetition of the text, with the pronunciation and 
accentuation of the words : — 

£m ateifenbc fanben etnen @cf)a£ auf tfirem 

Dry ri*-sendy fan'-den T.nen schatz a-owf e6-rem 

SOBege, unb fagten: 23a nrir hunger haben mug 

wai-gai oont sag'-ten : Da weer hoon'-ger ha-ben moos 

* The letter i marked thus I, should be pronounced like i in the English word 
idea, or like I in the phrase J am he. 





TRANSLATION. 


15 


eitter 


ttott mt$ geben, urn @jfett 


$u fmtfen. 


I-ner 


fori oonts gain', oom es'-sen 


tzoo ka-owf-en. 


3n 


btefer SlbjTcfjt gtng eitter fort unb 


bracfyte tbnett 


Een 


dee'-ser ab-see%t' geeng Lner fort oont 


bra^ty e6-nea 


wa$ 


$u einer VJlatypit gebort. 




was 


tzoo i-ner malt-zl'-et gai-hort-. 





In order to pronounce these words correctly, the learner must bear 
in mind what we have said under the head Pronunciation, in the 
preceding lesson. We there gave directions for enunciating the C§, 
which we have represented by the Greek letter %, as also the sound 
of the diphthong 6. 

We now suppose the learner to be perfectly able to distinguish one 
letter of the German alphabet from another, as also to have formed 
some conception of the sounds we have termed the characteristics ; 
if this be the case, he can scarcely go wrong in pronouncing the words 
according to the verbal pronunciation we have given of them — the 
orthography of the German words themselves will set him right, if any 
doubt arise in his mind as to the precise value of the letters employed 
to illustrate their pronunciation. We should recommend the learner 
to enunciate each syllable individually, before pronouncing the entire 
word ; by so doing a much greater degree of accuracy will be attained. 

After having acquired the pronunciation of the words, he should 
read the text as it is printed on the first page ; this he should do aloud, 
taking care to rest the voice on the accented syllables. 

TRANSLATION, 
©ret Sfatfenbe fanbett eaten ©cfjafc auf tbrem 2Bege, unb 

Three travellers found a treasure on their road, and 

fagten: 2)a wir hunger baben, mug etner »ort un$ geben 

said : As we hunger have, must one of us go 

urn @ffen gu faufen. 3n btefer SIbffcbt gtng etner, fort 

for food to buy. In this intention went one, away, 

smb bracbte thnen, wa$ 311 etner 9ttaf)i$ett geftbrr. 

and brought them what to a meal belongs. 

In the above we have given an exact translation of each of the 
words, and it is of the greatest moment that each of these words be 
firmly fixed upon the memory ; they will be made use of in the various 
exercises that are to follow, and will occur throughout the whole 
course of the lessons. A perfect acquaintance with them at the outset 
is therefore indispensable. 



16 CONVERSATION. 

In order to establish the words permanently on the memory, the 
learner would do well to write them out — the German with their Eng- 
lish equivalents, in parallel columns, and translate, from memory, in 
succession, each series of words ; a self-examination of this kind will 
be of great utility. 

The learner should now be able to read the text in German, and 
translate it into English ; the next step is to make use of the words in 
conversation. 



CONVERSATION. 

There is, perhaps, no part of our method that might be questioned 
with greater propriety than this, for it might well be asked, how is the 
learner to talk without some one to talk to, or how is he to carry on 
a conversation without a teacher ? Our answer to such a query is, 
that he very rarely talks with one, and that in studying a modern 
language, it is ten times better to talk with oneself, than not to talk 
at all. In learning German with a teacher, the student speaks Eng- 
lish ; in learning by himself he may, if he likes, speak German. The 
sooner he begins to use colloquially the language he studies, the 
sooner will he speak that language, and if he can talk to himself in 
it, he also can talk to others. 

The following colloquy, at the same time that it serves as an exer- 
cise in conversation, illustrates the construction of the language, and 
will furnish the learner with examples of what we have said under the 
head Grammar, about the nature, use, and employ of Case. 

Under the head Conversation, in the preceding lesson, we gave a 
series of words used in asking questions, with the pronunciation and 
meaning, of which we now suppose the learner perfectly conversant ; 
in addition to these he will have to make himself acquainted with 
the following : — 

al$, as, or when, pronounced * . . . alts. 

t>a$, that, " .... das. 

er, he, " .... er. 

fie, they, " .... see. 

The meaning and pronunciation of all the words introduced into 
the following colloquy, have been given, the learner therefore has no 
difficulty to encounter. The subject of conversation is that involved 
*n the text of the lesson. 



CONVERSATION. 



17 



5D5ag fagtcn bie brei JKetfenbe ? . . ©ic fagten, ©a nrir £ungcr FjaEen, tnujj 
ctncr son ung gcfjen urn ©ffen ju 
faufen. 

©ing ciner son ifjncn tn biefcr 2f sfidjt %a, ciner Don ifjncn ging in btefcr tf&ficfyt 

fort? fort? 

2>racf)te cr (gffcn ? 3a, cr frracfye (Sficti- 

SBag fur ©ffen 6racf)tc cr ?* . . . . ©r sracfytc roag ju ctner gjja^ctt gefjort. 

SBag fanben tic tret JRcifenbe ? . . . ©ic fanben cincn ©cfyaf. 

2Bo fanben bie SRcifcnbcn cincn ©cf)a§ ? . 2£uf ifjrcm 2Begc. 

SBann fanben brct Kctfenbc ben ©cfyag ? 2Cl§ fie fagtcn : row Ijaben hunger. 

2Bcr fanb cincn ©clja|5? 25te brei JRcifcnbc. 

2Ba£ (agten fie ? ©te fagtcn ; nrir Fjakn hunger. 

SBann fagtcn fie bag ? "Kit fie ben ©cfyag fanben. 

SBer fagte ; nrir fjafcen £ungcr ? . . . SDtc brei SRctfenbc. 

2Bag fttr brei JRetfenbe fagtcn bail . . S)ie brei Steifenbe njctdfjc ben ©dja| fans 

ben. 

SBag fanben bie brei SRetfcnbc auf iljrcm ©men ©cf)a§. 

2Bege? 

2Bie ciete ©d)af3c fanben bie Kcifcnbcn ? ©ic fanben cincn. 

SBcr fagte ; cincr con uns nmfj gefjen ? . ©tner son ifmen. 

SBarum mufitc cincr con irjncn gefjen ? . Urn ©ffen ju faufen. 

©ing cincr ? 3a, cincr son tfjnen ging fort. 

2Bcr Orad)te ©(Ten ? ©iner con ben brei Ketfenben. 

2Mcf)cr son ben brei JRcifenbcn 6rad)te 2)cr welder in biefcr 2fbfidf>t fort ging. 

©ffen. 

3n rcc(d)cr 2Ct»fidr>t ging cincr son ben 3n bcr JC&fidjt, ©ffen ju faufen. 

breicn ? 

jtaufte cincr son ben Steifcnben ©ffen ? . 3a, cincr son ifjncn faufte ©ffen. 

©agtcn bie Kcifenbcn : nrir fjaben £un: 3a. 

gcr? 

©agten fie ; roir fyafottx etnen ©cf)a£ ? . Sftein, 

©agtcn fie ; nrir fya&en wag ju cincr SZcin. 

gjja^eit gefjort ? 

©agten fie ; cincr son uns nmp gefjen um 3a. 

©fen ju faufen ? 

©agten fie ; wir fjakn ©ffen 1 9Zetn. 

SBBag fagtcn fie : roir fjakn ? . . . . ©ie fagtcn ; wir f)akn hunger, 

©ing cincr son ben Steifenben um ©ffen %a, cincr son tfynen ging fort in btcfcv 

gu faufen ? 2Csfitf)t. 

SBag bracf)tc cr ? ©r 6rad)tc wag ^u cincr SCKafjljeit gcljo'rt. 

2Bag gefjort ju einer SDJafjtjett? . . . 3u cincr SDlaljljeit gefjort ©ffen. 

SBcr ging um ©ffen ju faufen ? • . . ©iner son ben JReifcnben. 

SQBcr fanb cincn ©cf)a§ 1 JDte brei 3tcifenbe. 

2Ber fagte, wtr Ija&cn hunger ? . . . -Die brei Sieifenbe. 

S3JerbracJ)te©ffen? £»er Sctfenbc, mctdjerinbcr^ftc^tgtng, 

$a$ ©ffen au faufen. 

* See remarks on wag fur, Construction, § IX. 
2 



13 GRAMMAR. 

SDSec fagre, etner con un$ map gefyen ? . £>er Steifenbc, mltfjit fagtc ; roir fjafcen 

hunger, 

©ing etner eon ben JRctfenben fort ? . . 3a, eincr gtng feet. 

SScmn ging cr fort ? 2CIg tic brei fagtcn : wir bafcn hunger. 

2Barum gtng cr fort ? 2BcU bic tret fagtcn : cincr son unS mug 

geljen. 

SBcr gtng fort ? ©iner son ben brei jKeifenben. 

2BaS fur brei 3?eifenbe ? £)ie brei, isctcfyc etnen <Sd)a§ fanben. 

3n tt>a$ fur cincr X6ftd)t gtng cr fort ? Sn ber 2fl>ficf)t (Sffen ju faufen. 

2BaS fiir ein IKetfcnbcr 6rad)te Sffcn ? . 2)cr Kcifenbe tt>e(d)cr fort gtng. 

SBaS fanben bic Stetfenbcn ? . . . . ©ie fanben etnen @cfja£. 

SBaS fagtcn fie ? <Sic fagtcn : roir fjafcen hunger. 

2BaS 6racf)tc einer con ben 3tctfcnben ? . (5r sracljte wag ju eincr SOial^eit gefyort. 

2BaS gcfa'rt $u cincr SCKaljtjctt ? . . . (Sffcn. 

SBann ging cincr son ben SReifenben fort ? 71 i$ bic bret fagtcn : rotr !ja6en hunger. 

SBann fagtcn bic breirotr Ijafccn hunger? 7tt$ fie ben @ct)a§ fanben. 

SBofyin ging cincr son ben 9?eifenben ? CSr ging um (Sffen ju faufen. 

2Bo fanben bic 9?cifenben cincn <Scf)a£ ? 3(uf itjrem 2Bege. 

£9racl)te cincr son ben Stcifcnbcn ©ffen ? %a, cincr son ifyncn fcracfyte (Sffcn. 

SDBctc^et son ben brei Kcifcnben bradjte 25er roetcfyer fort ging. 

(Sffcn? 

©elcfyer son ben brei 3?cifcnbcn ging fort, 55er roctcber bradjte, wag $u ciner #flat)U 

in bcr 2(bfic!)t (Sffcn ju faufen ? jett gefjSrt. 

GRAMMAR. 

GOVERNMENT. 

In a preceding article we have explained the nature of the changes 
to which the nouns are subject, and we have given rules for effecting 
these changes. We have now to show when one and when another 
of the various forms of the noun is to be made use of. In the article 
Grammar of the preceding lesson we have given the learner a table 
to determine to which of the four cases admitted in German, any 
noun he may meet with belongs ; we observed at the same time, that 
this table would enable the learner to determine what form of the noun 
he should employ in writing German. We stated, for example, that 
words simply naming the object or person of whom some action was 
about to be expressed, were in the Nominative case ; consequently, 
words standing in this relation, should be given the form indicative of 
the Nominative. The learner, then, in order to know when to em- 
ploy a noun in one case, and when in another, has only to refer back 
to the table in question, which involves the information necessary for 
his guidance in this matter. 

In speaking of Case in our former lesson, we said, that even though 



19 



a preposition be employed in a sentence, the noun continues to indi- 
cate the relation of the words, just as if no prepositicn existed. This 
is not strictly true, for some of the prepositions themselves have the 
faculty of dictating the case to the noun, without reference to the 
actual relation involved by the sentence. The preposition BOtt, for 
instance, under some circumstances, signifies of, and under others, 
from. When oott has the former signification, it implies dependence, 
or appurtenance, and is consequently a sign of the genitive ; when it has 
the latter signification, it expresses separation, and is therefore an at- 
tribute of the dative ; but whether ttOtt signifies of, or from, whether 
it indicates a genitive or a dative relation, if followed by a noun, that 
noun must be in the dative case. 

The prepositions in this way exercise a sort of control over the 
cases, and this peculiarity is called by grammarians government, the 
noun being said to be governed by the preposition. 

The following is a list of the chief Prepositions that possess the 
property of governing the nouns : 



I. Prepositions that require a Genitive case after them. 
by dint of. 
according to. 
on account of 



ttermoge . . 

tout ♦ . . 

roegett . . 

urn ttnflen . 

anflatt . . 

btegfettS 

jenfettS . ♦ 

fraft. . ♦ 

ttermtttete . 

ttitgeacfytet . 

augerhalb, imterbalb, ober* 

fyalb, unterfyalb 

wahrenb . . , 

II. Prepositions that require 
bet, nddjjt . i 
itebft, mit, famntt 
au$ . . . . 
itact) . . ♦ . 
gegeuitber . 4 
git .... 
fcit .... 
Wit . . ♦ . 



for heaven's sake\ 
instead of 
on this side 

on the other side, beyond 
in virtue of 
by means of 

notwithstanding, in spite of 
without, within, above, below 



. during 
a Dative case after them. 

. near, by, close 

. with 

. out 

. after 

. opposite 



since 
from, of* 



20 CONSTRUCTION. 

HI. Prepositions that require an Accusative case after them. 

Imrd) ♦ ...:♦. by, through 

gecjen ....... towards 

ttnber ....... against 

fur . . . ' for 

lint ....... . around 

obne ........ without. 

The prepositions an, au£, uber, in, htrtter, nebeit, uttter, grmfcfyen, 

etc. do not possess the property of requiring a particular case after 
them. When a relation of motion is to be expressed, they are em- 
ployed with an accusative case, and when a state of repose with a 
dative ; that is, the nouns accompanying these prepositions indicate 
their relation in the sentence independently of the preposition. 

These observations will suffice to enable the learner to determine 
when he should employ one case of a noun and when another ; the 
text of our lessons will afford examples of their practical application, 
and at the same time material to bring them into practical operation. 

CONSTRUCTION. 
VI. 
SOBtr habeit hunger. We are hungry. 

We stated, in our lesson, that under the head Construction we should give 
the learner rules for his guidance in writing German. The text of our present 
lesson exhibits a peculiarity in the structure of the language. The phrase 
„2Bit habcn hunger/' shows that the Germans say, "We have hunger," and not 
as the English do, "We are hungry." It is a curious fact, in relation to this 
phrase, that in French, in Italian, and in Spanish, the construction is the same, 
the people of these three great nations say as the Germans do, "We have hun- 
ger;" the English alone using the locution, "We are hungry." This illus- 
trates a point that we have often had occasion to maintain, to wit, that the Eng- 
lish, in matters of language, are very eccentric, and have very odd ways of ex- 
pressing themselves. It is true that we may likewise use the construction, "We 
are hungry," in German ; but the existence of the phrase SBtt Ijaften ipunger, in 
our text, shows that the latter mode of expression is the more correct of the 
two. 

VII. 

Srct 9ieifettl>e fmtbett einett <§d)a%* Three travellers found a trea- 
sure. 
The word SRcifcnbe in the above sentence is virtually a noun, but it is gram- 
matically an adjective : it is used in the capacity of a noun, but it possesses the 



CONSTRUCTION. 21 

attributes of the adjective. The infinitives of verbs have the faculty of repre- 
senting nouns, when the syllable bet is added : the verb gcljen, to go, for ex- 
ample, makes ©ebent>ec a person who goes; and in the same from the verbreU 
fen, to travel, is formed SRetfenber, a person who travels. These kind of words 
however, do not follow the rules we have given for declining the nouns ; they 
are considered as verbal adjectives, and are declined like other words of thai 
class. 

When used without the article, as in the case of the word JReifenbc in the 
text, the noun, (if we may call it so) StetjetlWc is declined according to the first 
model we have given for declining the adjectives ; when used with the article, 
or any other determinating word of the same kind, it is declined according to 
the second model ; and when used with ctn tettt, or any other word of that class, 
it is declined according to the third model. In short, JRcifenbet: goes through 
precisely the same series of changes as any other adjective. In writing a 
German sentence in which this word is employed, the learner must bear in mind 
that he is to regard it as an adjective, and not as a noun. 

VIIL 
£>a roir hunger fyafeeit, m\x% enter As we are hungry, one of us must 
Don wtg gefyen urn dflen $u go to buy food, 

faufert. 

Under ordinary circumstances, the order of the words in a sentence is the 
same in English and in German. The words of such phrases, as, " We are 
hungry," " One of us must go," would be arranged in German precisely as they 
are in English. This coincidence in the order of the words does not, however, 
exist in the passage we have quoted above from our text. The reason of this 
is, that in German, the words ha, as ; tt>enn, when ; al$, as ; the relatives bajj, that ; 
nxtchcr, which ; and some others of the same kind, possess the faculty of throwing 
the verb to the end of the sentence. The phrase, " We are hungry," is in Ger- 
man, rcit baton hunger ; the words maintaining the same order as in English ; 
but when t>a is made use of, then the verb must be placed last, and so a difference 
in the construction of the two languages appears. 

Again : in the sequent sentence to one in which this kind of transposition 
takes place, the verb and the subject change places ; and instead of "As we 
are hungry, one of us must go," the order of the words in German becomes, 
"As we hunger have, must one of us go ;" the verb must being placed first, and 
the subject or nominative, one of us, after. 

Finally, when two verbs occur in a sentence, the second must always be 
placed at the end ; thus, instead of saying, "As we are hungry, one of us must 
go to luyfood" we shall have to say in German, "As we hunger have, must 
one of us go food to buy ;" the infinitive always in such cases concluding the 
sentence. 

The passage of our text, quoted at the head of this article, illustrates three 
circumstances under which the words of a sentence are not arranged in German 
as they are in English, and these three are almost the only cases in which any 
difference occurs in this respect between the two languages. 

The learner, in writing German, must take care that he attends to these 
peculiarities of the construction of the language. When he makes use of any 



22 CONSTRUCTION. 

one of the relative words we have named, he must bear in mind that the verb 
is placed at the end of the sentence ; and that, in the sequent part of the phrase, 
the verb and pronoun change places ; as also that, when two verbs occur in a 
sentence, one of them must be the concluding word. We shall introduce some 
English sentences, under the head CoiMPosition, to be rendered into German; 
in these, one or other of the relative particles will have to be made use of, and 
which, after what we have said, the learner ought to translate correctly. 

IX. 

2Ba$ fitr (gffett bradjte er ? What kind of food did he bring 1 

Amongst the series of words introduced under the head Conversation in the 
first lesson, in the interrogative roa$ fur ? This ma$ fur is much used in German, 
perhaps more than any other colloquial locution of the language ; there is more- 
over, nothing exactly resembling it in English, — it sometimes is used to signify 
one thing, and sometimes another ; its use and functions must therefore be ex- 
plained, in order to be comprehended and fully understood by the learner. 

The locution under consideration consists of two words, the pronoun ma$, 
what, and the preposition fur, for; so that roaS fur, when translated literally, is 
what for; but the meaning these two words have in the English interrogation, 
What for ? have nothing at all in common with the German interrogation \va& 
fur 1 The learner must not consider the literal meaning of roaS fur? he must 
regard both words as implying a single notion, and take especial care not to 
confound toa& fitr with the two English words what and for. 

We would recommend the learner to endeavour to associate tt>a$fiir, not with 
any particular English words or word, but rather with the conception of its value 
that he may form from the following observations, relative to its use in practice. 

When roaS fur is employed in asking a question, it signifies what kind ? or what 
sort ? It does not simply ask what an object is, but what are the peculiar 
qualities of that object, or in some way or other requiring a particular specifi- 
cation of the nature and attributes of the thing spoken of, as: — 

2Ba$ fur (gffen tfl bag ? What sort of food is that? 

3Ba£ fitr etn S^etfenber tjr ba$ ? What is that traveller ? 

The foregoing is the logical and primitive use of roas fur, but it is also some- 
times used in cases where the pronoun what, is used in English, without 
reference either to the quality or quantity of an object, as : — 

2BaS fur em 2Ceg tjl bte£ ? What road is this ? 

2Ba$ fitr etn @d)a£ tfl bteg ? What treasure is this ? 

The third and last use of uoa$ fur is in exclamations. In cases where the 
English say what a so and so ! the Germans say rcaS fur, a so-and-so, as: — 

3Bag fitr etn @crja£ ! What a treasure ! 

2BaS fitr eirt 5Beg ! What a road ! 

These examples, by shewing the learner the circumstances in which roa$ fur 
is employed, will enable him to determine the cases in which he should make 
use of the expression. We shall introduce under the head Composition a 
series of phrases to be rendered into German, in which roag fitr will have to be 
made use of, in order to translate them correctly. 



PRONUNCIATION. 23 

X. 

@te ^abett bett Sc$a6. 5 They have the treasure. 
( Y ou have the treasure. 

In all the languages of modern Europe, there occur some slight deviations 
from the rules of syntax, in difference to the principles of politeness. The 
English and French, in addressing a single person, do not say thou so-and-so, 
as they are required to say by their grammars. They use instead the second 
personal pronoun in the plural, and say you so-and-so. The Italians again, in 
addressing another person, neither say you nor thou, but she so-and-so, no mat- 
ter whether the person addressed be male or female. The Spaniards, when 
speaking in measured language, always apply an imaginary title to the person 
they address, and say, his worship, or his reverence so-and-so. The Germans, 
in like manner, have a peculiarity of this kind in their language. They do not 
say you so-and-so as the English and French do. They do not say she so-and 
so, like the Italians, nor do they employ a hypothetical title like the Spaniards. 
The German departure from grammar consists in saying they so-and-so, instead 
of thou so-and-so, so that such an English expression as, " Have you the 
treasure ?" would have to be rendered in German, " Have they the treasure ?" 
"£akn @ie lien @cba|?" Hence it is, that the phrase we have quoted at the head 
of this article has two meanings. @ie bcibcn ten (Schafj may either signify 
"You have the treasure," or, " They have the treasure," since the pronoun fie, 
they, is employed as a polite substitute for the word thou. There is one thing, 
however, to be observed with regard to this matter. In writing German, when 
the word fie is employed to represent thou or you, it is always written with a capi- 
tal ; and on the other hand, when fie has only its primitive signification they, it 
is never written with a capital, except when it occurs at the beginning of a sen- 
tence. 

The same remarks apply to the term to you. The Germans, in addressing 
another person in the language of etiquette, do not say to you, but to them ; thus 
the phrase, " Did he bring the treasure to you ?" would be politely rendered in 
German, t: Brought he to them the treasure ?" " SBradjte ct tbnen ben ©cbag ?" 
The word ibnen, to them, when employed as an equivalent for the English to 
you, being likewise written with a capital letter. 

The learner has, therefore, to bear in mind that the English you is expressed 
by (Sfe in German, and employed of course with a verb in the third person plu- 
ral ; and that to you is rendered in colloquial language by 3ftnen. 

PRONUNCIATION. 

DIPHTHONGS. 

What we mean by a diphthong is the association of two vowels to 
represent some single sound. The vowels ea in the English word 
earth, is what we call a diphthong ; because if the e and the a were 
individually enunciated, the word earth would not be correctly pro- 



24 COMPOSITION. 

nounced. There are in German six combinations of vowels used in 
this way, to represent particular sounds ; these are : 

ae or a te 

oe or 6 et 

Me or it eu 

In the preceding lesson, we have given the pronunciation of the 6 
and the it, and we hope that the learner has attended to what we said 
about them, and so has formed a correct conception of the sounds they 
are employed to represent ; the other four diphthongs are pronounced as 
follows : 

a, like a in the English word made. 
et, like i in the English word idea. 
te, like ee in the English word been. 
eu, like oi in the English word oil. 

The learner must bear in mind that each and all of those diphthongs 
are pronounced in all cases, and under all circumstances, precisely as 
we have stated : the diphthong et, for example, is always pronounced 
like i in the word idea, in whatever position, or in whatever word, it 
may occur. 

The learner should now go over the words of the lesson and pro- 
nounce all the diphthongs, according to the directions we have given 
above, and take care that from now onwards he continues to give 
these sounds to the diphthongs in pronouncing any German word he 
may hereafter meet with, in which any one of them may occur. 

The six diphthongs constitute a large portion of what may be called 
the individuality of the German language ; and in order to pronounce 
them in all cases correctly, nothing is wanted beyond a little attention 
and care at the outset. The learner, in reading, should not pronounce 
any one of these diphthongs without first calling to mind the sound we 
have stated it to possess : by proceeding in this way he will acquire 
the habit of enunciating these important combinations correctly, and 
that will contribute materially to his general proficiency in the pro- 
nunciation of German. 

COMPOSITION. 

Under this head we shall give the learner a series of phrases to trans- 
late into German. In order to render these phrases, the words that 
have already occurred in the lesson only will be required. The learner, 
however, must bear in mind that every noun he employs must express 
one or other of the four relations explained under the head case. He 
must consider the relation the noun bears to the other words in the 
sentence, and find out to which of the four this particular relation be- 
longs ; or he must observe whether the noun is or is not immediately 
governed by some one or other of the prepositions that requires a par- 
ticular case after it. Having determined in what case the noun should 
be, he will then have to discover what the particular form of this case 



COMPOSITION. 



25 



is, by referring to the rules we have given under the head CoNSTnue- 
tion, § 1. 

It is necessary to mention, that the Germans in writing use a cha- 
racter different from that made use of in writing English. We shall 
speak of this hereafter ; in the mean time, the learner will have to 
make use of the English character. 



We have a meal. 

We have an intention. 

We have a treasure. 

Have we a meal ? 

Have we a treasure ? 

We found a traveller. 

We found two travellers. 

We found three travellers. 

The travellers said : We are 

hungry. 
The travellers found a treasure. 
The travellers have an intention. 
You have the treasure ? 
Have you the treasure ? 
Are you hungry ? 
Have you food ? 
What have you ? 
Why have you the treasure ? 



When the travellers said : We 
are hungry, they found a trea- 
sure. 

When the travellers found a trea- 
sure, they said : We are hungry- 

When you found the treasure, 
what did you say ? 

When you said one of us must go, 
who went away ? 

When we are hungry, one of us 
must buy food. 

When the travellers found the 
treasure, one of them went 
away to buy food, and brought 
what belongs to a meal. 

One of us must go away. , 

Which of us must go ? 

Where must he go ? 



What sort of a treasure have you ? Why must he go ? 



What a treasure you have ! 
What sort of food have you ? 
What sort of an intention have you? 
What an intention you have ! 
What sort of a meal have the 

three travellers ? 
What sort of weather have we ? 
Have we good weather ? 
Yes ; we have good weather. 
What sort of weather must he 

have? 
He must have good weather. 
Who must have good weather ? 
The traveller who must go to buy 

food. 
Why must he have good weather ? 
As we have food, we have what 



When must he go ? 

What did the travellers say ? 

What did you say ? 

You said that one of us must go 

Did you say that ? 

Does the treasure belong to you ? 

To whom does the treasure belong? 

What treasure ? 

The treasure that the travellers 

found ? 
It belongs to the travellers. 
What belongs to the travellers ? 
The treasure belongs to them. 
No, it belongs to us. 
What did you say that for ? 
What a treasure ! * 

What an intention ! 
What weather ! 



belongs to a meal. 
As the treasure belongs to one What a traveller 

of us, he must go and buy food. What a meal ! 
As we have a treasure, one of us What food ! 

must go and buy food. 

We shall give a translation of these phrases in our next, so that the 
learner may know whether he has rendered them correctly or not. 



THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. 



LESSON THIRD. 



READING. 



REPETITION. 



The following exercise consists of a free translation of the English 
sentences given under the head Composition in the preceding lesson 
to be rendered into German. If the learner has translated these sen- 
tences, he should now compare his translation with that we give below, 
observing the points, if any, in which he has erred. 

The meaning and pronounciation of the words made use of in the 
present exercise having been given in one or other of the preceding 
lessons, the learner is presumed to be perfectly familiar with both, and 
so able to read what follows without any kind of difficulty. Should 
this not be the case, he may be satisfied that sufficient attention has 
not been paid to the exercises of the foregoing lessons, and consequent- 
ly that they must again be passed under review. 

2Btr fjabcn cine attaint. Sffiit fjaben ettte 2tbftdjt. 2Btr fjabcn ctncn ©djaf. 
£abcn rotr eine 93faf)($cit ? £abcn nut ctncn ©cf)a| ? SQBir fanbcn ctncn JKctfenbcn. 
2£tr fanbcn jrcct SRetfcnbc. SBit fanbcn bra SRetfcnbe. 25te SRctfcnbcn fasten : voxt 
fjaben .puncjer. 25ie JRctfcnbcn fanbcn ctncn ©djag. Die SRetfenben fyaben cine lib: 
fidjt. ©te l)aUn ben ©d)ag. £abcn ©te ben ©djag ? £abcn Sic hunger ? £as 
ben ©te ©ffen? 2Ba$ fyaben ©te'? SBarum f)abcn ©te ben ©d)ag? SBaS fitr ei= 
nen ©dja| Ijabcn ©te ? SCBaS fur cincn ©djag ©te fjaben ? SBag far @fien fjaben 
©te ? SBag fur eine H&jtdjt fiaben ©te ? 2Ba$ fttr cine 2T6ftd>t ©te fjaben ? 2Ba6 
fur etne 5CRar)ticit fjaben bte brci SRetfenbcn ? SBBaS fur SBctter fjaben roir ? £aben 
nnr guteS abetter ? 3a, nrit fjaben gutcS SBetter. 2BaS fur 2Bctter ntup er fjaben ? 
@r mufj guteS SBcttcr fjaberu 2Bcr roup gutcS 2Better fjaben ? Dec Stetfcnbe, wtU 
djec gefjen mufj urn ©ffen ju faufen. SBarum mup er gutcs SBcttcr fjaben ? 25a prir 
(Sffcn fjaben, fjaben nur roaS ju etner 9Jtafj($eit Qcfiort. 25a ber ©djag etnem oon 
unS gefjort mug er gefjen urn (Sffen $u faufen. 25a roir ctncn ©djag fjaben, tnup ets 
ncr con un$ gefjen urn (Sficn ju faufen. Ttti bte Stetfenben fagtcn : roir fjaben £un= 
get, fanbcn ©te etnen ©djag. W> bte Stetfcnben etnen ©djag fanben, fagten ftc : 
wtr fjaben hunger. 2lti ©te ben ©djag fanben, roaS fagtcn ©te ? Kit ©te fagtcn : 
einer oon un6 mup gefjen, roet gtng fort ? 2Bcnn trie £unget fjaben, mu5 etner con 
uns @fiea faufen. "Kti bie 9tetfenben ten ©djag fanben, gtng etner oon tfjnen fort, 



TRANSLATION. 27 

urn (Sfjcn su faufen unb btacfjte voai ju ciner SKa^eit gc^ort. ©net eon un$ mug 
fortgcf>cn. Sffietcbet con u'nS muff gcfjen ? SBoftin tuufi et gcben ? SDBarum mufi et 
gefien ? 2Bann mufiecgcf)en'? 2BaS fagten fcic 5Kcifcnben? 2£a$ fagten @te? <Ste 
fagten : cincr eon unS roup gcf)cn. ©agten @ic bag ? ©ehjjtt bet ©cbag 3&nen ? 
2Bcm gehott biefcr <Sdf)a| ? ffiBctchec @df)a§ ? £>et @dE)a|, roelcben bie £Rctfcnt>cn 
fanbcn. (Sc gcfjott ben JReifcnbcn. 2Ba$ gcf)6'tt ben 3teifenbcn ? 35et <Scba§ ge= 
fjott ifjnen. 3^ein, er gefio'tt un& SBatum fagten <Sie ba$ ? 2Ba3 filr ein <3cf)a£! 
SBaS fiit cine 2t6ficf)t ! 2Ba$ flit Sffiettet ! 3£a$ fut ein 9teifenbet ! SGBag far cine 
9)?a%cit! 2Ba5 fuc Sfen ! 



2(6«: ec fagte untetroegS 6ei ficlj feftft : tdj mufj ba$ $(ctfcb, ectgtftcn, bamit tnetne 
©efafirtcn ftctcen roenn fie bacon effen, unb tch ben @d)a| atlein be&atte. (St futycte 
fein 33othaoen au$, unb ocrgiftete bie ©petfetu 



As we did in the case of the portion of text given in the preceding 
lesson, we shall repeat the above, and place the pronunciation under 
each German word. 

2fber er fagte unterwegS bet ffefy felbft: id) tnu$ fc>a$ 

Ah-ber er sag'ty oon-ter-wegs by see^ selbst : ee% moos, das 

ftkifd) aergiften, bamit mente ©efabrten fterben tt>enn fte 

flish fer-geef'-ten, da-meet, mi'-ny ge-fair-ten ster'-ben, wen see 

ba»on effen unb id) ben ©cr)a# attetn bebalte. @r fithrte 

da-fon' es'sen oont ee^ den shatz al-line be-hal'-ty. Er fiir-ty 

fein SSorhaben au$ unb oergtftete bte ©petfen. 

sin for-ha'ben a-ows oont fer-geef'-te-ty dee spi-sen. 

In order to pronounce the foregoing correctly, the learner must bear 
in mind what we have said about the guttural d) and the diphthong U 
in the first lesson, as also what we said of the other diphthongs in the 
second lesson. 

TRANSLATION. 

Slber er fagte unterwegS bet ftcf) felbft: id) mu$ bag 

But he said going along to him self: I must the 

ftlttfd) »ergtften, bamit nteine ©efahrten tferben wenn jTe 

meat poison, so that my companions may die, if they 

bafcon effen, unb id) ben <5d)a% atfein beftafte. @r fitbrte 

of it eat, and I the treasure all may keep. He carried 

fetn SSorbaben au$ unb fcergtftete bte ©petfen> 

the viands. 



The learner to proceed with the above, as with the corresponding ex- 
ercise of the preceding lesson. 



CONVERSATION. 



CONVERSATION. 



We shall, in our present colloquial exercise, introduce the following 
new words, with which the learner will have to make himself ac- 
quainted. 



9D?ocf)tett ♦ 


♦ might pronounced 


moz'-ten 


9tfd>t . 


♦ not ,j 


neeyjt. 


S&tffen . 


. know {plural.) „ 


wis' -sen. 


2Bei0 . 


. know (singular.) „ 


mice. 


UBar 


. was „ 


war. 


©inb 


. are „ 


sint. 


©onbent . 


. but „ 


son'-dern. 


£ieg 


♦ this or that „ 


dees. 



We shall also make use of some new forms of the verbs that have already oc- 
curred in the text: for example, the word Orachte occurs in the text of our se- 
cond lesson, this word bracbte is the third person singular, past tense of the verb 
fcringcrt, to bring; besides the form t>tad)te, we shall make use of the plural form 
of the same tense, fie Oracbten, they brought, and of the participle gefrracbt, 
brought. In the same way ; of the infinitive effen, to eat, we shall employ er a% 
he ate, and fie af'Ctt, they ate ; of the auxiliary mu6, we shall introduce the plural 
forms muffen and mupte ; of the verb finten, to find, besides the form fanben, that 
occurs in the text, we shall make use of er fant>, he found, and the participle gc; 
fantm, found, and so in the case of some others. The precise value of these 
new forms, the learner will be easily enabled to determine, from the words ac- 
companying them, and as they do not in general vary very materially from the 
forms that have already been given, the learner should experience little difficul- 
ty in pronouncing them correctly. We shall likewise introduce such new forme 
of the pronouns as are not likely to embarrass the learner in finding out their 
English equivalents : he knows, for example, that fid) fetfcft, is himself, and it 
will not require any great exertion of intelligence to discover that nttd) fettift, 
signifies myself; he knows that mcine is the German word for my, and so he 
may safely conclude that feme is the German word of Ais. We have seen that 
the pronoun fie is literally they, but that it may be employed as an equivalent for 
the English you; this pronoun has yet another duty to perform. In speaking 
of objects that are in German of the feminine gender, such as ©pcife, an eatable ; 
the pronoun fie answers to the English word them, as : 2Ber a$ tie (Speifen ? (S3 
roar tier Keifenfce weldjet ft e faufte. Who ate the victuals ? It was the traveller 
who bought them. The learner will have to bear this third attribute of fie in 
mind. 

SGBcr fagte id) mufi tag gleifd) eergiften ? . ©er Ketfenbe roeldjet fort ging. 

Suroem fagte er tag? 3u fid) felbft. 

2Bann fagte ec tag ? Unterrocgg. 

SBarum mufte er tag #teifd) cergtften? . Samit feine ©efafitten ftcrben mfldjten. 



CONVERSATION. 29 

SSacum muptcn fetne ©cfaljctcn ftecfccn ? . 2)amit cc ben @c^a| flfe fidj oefjatte» 
83ccgiftcte ec feinc ©efd'fycten? .... SJein. 

SScrgiftctc ec ftd^ fcttjl ? Sttetn. 

SScrgtftcte cr t>a^ (Sffen ? 3a. 

2Bag fitc ©{fen ocrgiftctc ec? . .... £>ag gffctfdj. 

-2Bec fiiljrte etnc2C6ftd^t au$? .... (Since oon ben 9icifenbcn. 

2Bag fur cine 2£bftd)t fiifjete er aug ? . . Sic, bag #(cifd) ^ u octgiften. 
SBann fufjrtc cc fcinc #6fid)t aug 1 . . . Untccmcgg. 

SSSacum fiif)rtc cc fcine tf&fidjt aug? . . Stomit [cine ©efaf)ctcn ftecoen molten. 
2Bcc fagte : id) mup bag g-leifdj occgiften ? Set JRetfenbc it>ctd)cr bag (Sffcn Oradf>te. 
©agtc cr : id) mup mcinc ©cfdfjctcn Oct* 

giften ? Stein, cc fagte eg ntdjt. 

(Sagte cc : tdj mup mid) fefi&ji oecgiften ? . Stem, 
©agtc cc: id) mup bag $kx\&) fur mid) 

fet&jt fcc&aftcn ? 9Mn. 

©agtc cc : id) mup ben <Sd)a§ fut mid) 3a, cc fagte id) mup bag $(ctfdj oecgtftcn, 
fctbjt kfjalten ? bamit mcinc ®cfaF»cten ftccben, 

menn ftc bacon effen unb id) ben 

<&<$)a% attetn befjalte. 
©agtc cc: mcinc ©efafycten muffen fteckn? 3a, cc fagte iai. 
Sagte cc $u fcinen ©efafjeten : tfjc mupt 

ftcckn ? Stem, cc fagte bag ju ftdj fcloft. 

SBag fagte cc ju fid) fcl&ft ? (Sc fagte : id) mup bag #lctfdj occgiften, 

bamit mcinc ©cfafyctcn ftccben, 

roenn ftc baton effen. 
giifjctc cc fein SSodjakn aug ? . . . . 3a, cc ftifycte eg aug. 
SGSie ! oecgiftcte cc fcine ©efafycten ? . . Stein, fonbeen cc oecgiftcte bag $(etfd), 

meldjcg cc ifwen otadjtc. 
2Bte fufjetc ec eg aug ? (Sc oecgiftcte bte ©petfen mctdje cc feincn 

©efafjeten bcad)te. 

SS5ec mup ftec&en ? 3mei con ben SJctfcnben. 

SBann? 2Benn ftc con bem occgtftctcn gfeifdj 

effen. 
2Batum muffen fie ftetben ? Samtt bee <&<$)a% einem oon iljncn gc? 

tyote. 
SSecgiftctc cinec con ben SRetfenben bie 

©pctfen? 3«/ «nec oon ifjnen oecgiftcte bag g(cifd). 

ffiBann? Untccroegg. 

9Bcc, fagte cc, mup ftecoen ? (St fagte, bap feinc gtwei ©cfa'f)cten ftet; 

ten muffen. 
SBiffen @tc, mo bag $leifd) getauft mac ? . Stein, id) wctjj eg ntdjt. 
SOSiffcn @te, rocc eg faufte ? . . . . <Sg mac cinec oon ben Sietfcnbcn. 
SBiffen @tc, mcc bag ftteifd) oecgiftcte ? . 3a, eg mac bee Steifcnbe roctdjet eg fauftc 
fflBijfcn Sic, matum ec eg oecgiftcte ? . . (5c occgiftete eg, bamit fcine ©efa^tten 

ftecoen mSd)ten. 
Sffiiffen @ie, mag bec JRetfenbe weldjet ta^ (Sc fagte : id) mup bag g(ctfd) occgiften, 
$leifd) ocad)te, fagte ? bamit mcine ©efSfictcn pecoen menn 

fie baoon effen. 



80 CONVERSATION* 

Stiffen ©te wag ber 9?etfenbe fagte atg et 

bag g-fetfdfj btadjte ? 9Zein, id) weip eg nid)t. 

SBijfcn ©ie wer t>U ©peifen ocrgiftetc ?- . So, eg roar bee SReifenbe weicbet fie 

Eaufte. 

2Biffen ©ic warum er fie eergtftete ? . . @r eergiftctc tic ©peifen, bamtt fetnc 
©cfahrten fterben molten. 

2f jfen bie JReifcnben bason ? 3d) wetji eg nicbt. 

SGBtifcn ©ic wag bee SReifcnbe welchet btc @r fagte : id) mujj bog §(etfd) petgiften. 

©peifen bracbtc, fagte ? 

Stiffen ©ic wag bie SRcifcnben fag ten, otS 

bag ^tcifct> gc6cad>t wurbe ? . . . 9Zcin, id) wetfi eg ntc^t. 

SDBiffcn ©ie mat file glcifd) «$ »« ? • • 9i«n, M> weip eg ntdjt. 
SGSiffcn ©ic mit wag cr bag gteifeb uergifs 

tctc? SRcin, tcf) wctji eg md)t. 

SBiffen ©ie wet ben ©djag fanb ? . . . ®g waren bie brei Steifenben. 
SBiffen ©ie wo bie Sletfenben ben ©cf)ag 

fanben ? ©ie fanben tf>n ouf intern 2Bege. 

28iffcn©ie wem crgefjort? 9?cin, id) weifj bag ntdjt. 

SBiffcn ©ie wcldjet oon ben SReifcnben bie @g war ber SRctfenbe wetdjet t)ai $ieifd) 

©peifen faufte ? cetgiftetc. 

©ie miiffen wijfcn wer bie Steifcnben finb I SDBarum muji id) bag wiffen ? 

SBiffcn ©ie wo fie finb 1 STicin, id) wcip eg ntdjt. 

Sfficr ging fort 1 ©incr »on ben brei JRetfenben. 

Sfficr fcradjte bie ©peifen ? 35cr 9teifenbe, wetdjer fortging. 

2Ber ccrgiftete fie ? £>cr SRcifenbc, wetdjer fie bradjte. 

2Ber ap fie ? 2Btr wiffen eg nid)t. 

SQSet fagte : wir bafcen hunger ? ... Sic brei SRcifcnben weldje ben ©dja$ 

fanben. 

2Bcr fagte : bap er bie ©peifen eergiften 25er Sfrifenbe wetdjer bradjte, wag ju cis 

mup 1 ner 9Raf)($eit gefiort. 

2Bcr filf>rtc cin SSorfjaben aug ? . . . . 2)er 3?etfenbe wetdjer bag ${eifdj ccrgifs 
tete. 

Sfficr fanb cincn ©d)a| ? £>ie brei JRctfcnben wetdjt fagtcn : wit 

fiafcen hunger. 

2&cr, fagte ber 3Jcifenbe, weldjer bie ©pet= ©r fagte feine $wei ©cfafjctm muffen 

fen ftradjtc, mufj fterben ? . . . . fterben, 

$&a$ war ccrgtftct? 2)ag gtetfeb wetdjeg einer ber SRctfenben 

ju feincn $wei ©efafjrten 6rad)te 

SCag war son ben SRcifenben gefauft ? . . 25ag, wag ju ciner 9Rab($eit Qti)'6xt. 

2Bag war oon ben SRcifenben gefunben 1 . ©in ©d)a|. 

2Bag war oon bem Steifenben auggefuf^rt ? @in SSorfjoben. 
SQJag war son bem Kcifenben geOroc^t, wets 

d>cr fortging ? SBag^u einer 9Jtaf)fjett gel#tt. 

* Bear in mind, that ffiBer is equal to the English interrogative who t 
t Here POn is equivalent to the English preposition by. 



GRAMMAR. 31 

SBa$ war eon ben beet Ketfcnbcn gefagt? ©te fasten: tsa mxt |>ungct r;afccn,mup 
etnet con un£ gefyen, um ©ffen $a 
faufen. 

2Ba$ war con bem JRetfcnben gefagt, roet; <5t fagtc : id) mufj bag $(ctfd(j cctgiften, 
djet bte ©peifen btacfyte ? . . . . fcamtt metne ©efafjtten jto&en, 

roenn fie bason effen. 

GRAMMAR. 

THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

There are in all languages a series of little words employed chiefly 
to avoid the too frequent repetition of the subject of discourse : for ex- 
ample, in speaking of the three travellers, instead of saying " the three 
travellers did so and so," we may say " they did so and so ;" the word 
they in such a case being the officiating representative of the three tra- 
vellers. Words made use of in this way are styled by grammarians, 
Pronouns. 

The pronouns, properly so called, are not declined like the words 
they represent, but have a set of forms for each case, differing in 
some instances very widely from each other ; so that the various 
forms of a pronoun may be either considered as so many case varia- 
tions of the same word, or as so many totally distinct words without 
any modification of form. 

Besides this peculiarity attendant on the pronouns, they are classed 
by grammarians in a particular manner : those that represent a party 
speaking, are said to be in the first person ; those that represent a 
a party spoken to, are said to be in the second person ; and those 
that represent a party spoken of, are said to be in the third person. 
Thus, the pronouns are classed in three distinct series, as follows : 





Singular. 


FIRST 


PERSON. 


Plural. 




Noin. 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 


tct> . .1 

meitt, metner mine 
nttr . to me 
micfy . me. 


Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 


wiv ♦ 
trnfer 
mt$ . 
utt$. 


we 
ours 
to us 
us. 






SECOND 


PERSON 








Singular. 






Plural. 




Nom 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 


in . 

bent, bemer 
bit . 
bid) . 


thou 
thine 
to thee 
thee 


Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 


etter 
eucr) 
eucfy 


you 
yours 
to you 
you 





CONSTRUCTION. 




THIRD PERSON 






Singular. 




Nom 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 


er,fte,e$ . 

fern, fetner, i&r, iljrer . 

tfym, if>r 

tfytt, fie, e$ 

Plural. 


he, she, it 
his, its, hers 
to him, to it, to 
him, her, it. 


Nom 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 


ffe ■;■•■■■- v- '■■•■■'■■■ ; 

i\)x f tljrer . 
ifyneit 

iff . . . . 


they 
theirs 
to them 
them. 



We have stated, Construction, § X., that in the language of courtesy, the 
pronoun fie is made use of instead of ifir, you ; and that the dative ifinm, to 
them, is made use of instead of cud), to you. These words when employed in 
this way being always written with capital letters. 

CONSTRUCTION. 

XI. 

(Sinct wm un$ roup geficn. One of us must go. 

Urn (Sffen $u faufen. To buy food. 

3d) mujj tm§ gtetfd) ocrgtftcn. I must poison the meat. 

In the above sentences, the verbs, Cjcften, faufen, and ttcrgtften, are all in the 
infinitive mood ; so called because this form of the verb has no distinct mean- 
ing in respect of time ; it is the verb employed in its most extended significa- 
tion, and in its most general sense. The infinitive is employed after a prepo- 
sition, as in the sentence, ctrcaS ju effen, something to eat ; or after another 
verb, as in the sentence id) mufi gcben, / must go. The infinitive in German is 
placed after the subject, instead of before it as in English. The English 
say, " I must go to Vienna ;" the Germans say, " I must to Vienna go,'' 3d*. 
roup nad) SBtcn gefren ; again, the English say, " We must buy food ;" the Ger- 
mans say, " We must food buy," 2Btr mujjcn (Sffen Eaufcn. The chief pecu- 
liarity to be observed with regard to the infinitive, is that in German this form 
of the verb always terminates in en. We shall give here the infinitives of the 
verbs that have occured in the text, so that the learner may the better observe 
this characteristic. 

Forms in the Text. Infinitives. 

fembett found gfatbett to find 

bracfyte brought SSrutgett to bring 

gehort belongs ©efyoren to belong 

fyabett have $abeit to have 



CONSTRUCTION. 38 

fterben may die ©terbeit to die 

effett may eat (gffen to eat 

befyalte may keep SSebaftett to keep 

fitfjrtc a\X# carried out 2ut6fitl)ren to carry out. 

Aided by these observations, the learner will be able to employ the infinitives 
as well as the other forms of the verb. We shall introduce some sentences 
under the head Composition to be rendered into German, in which one or other 
of these infinitives will have to be employed. 

XII. 

2)a rotr £ungec fiaben. As we are hungry. 

3d) muf; bag gtctfcf) »ctgiftcn, fca; I must poison the meat so that my 

nut mctne ®efaf)ttcn ftoben. companions may die. 

2Benn fie bctr>on efjen. When they eat it. 

The word ba, in the first of these sentences, is equivalent to the English con- 
junction as ; but fca does not always signify as. We think it necessary to no- 
tice this, because the learner, if he happened to meet with the word when it 
had another meaning, might be puzzled with the sentence in which it was made 
use of. The word ba, besides being equivalent to the English conjunction as, is 
also equivalent to the adverb there, and is perhaps oftener employed in the latter 
than in the former capacity. The following are some examples of ba, in the 
sense of there. 

Sinb @tc ba ? Are you there ? 

3d) roar fca. I was there. 

3)a roar cr. There he was. 

The word fccmut, in the second of the sentences we have quoted above, con- 
sists of the adverb ba in conjunction with the preposition nut with, the word t)te 
mtt signifying literally therewith ; and the word Nation, of the third sentence, 
consists likewise of the adverb ba, there, in conjunction with the preposition t>0n, 
of or from, fcatjen being literally thereof or therefrom. The word ba, is itself 
derived from an older form bav, whence the English have obtained the word 
there. 

XIII. 
2Bemt ft e battott effen. When they eat of it. 

We have shown, in the preceding section, that the word bason corresponds 
exactly with the English adverb thereof; this adverb, however, has almost 
taken its departure from the English language ; it is occasionally made use of 
by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and now and then appears in the pages of 
the Evangelical Magazine ; but as a household word, it has fallen into total de- 
suetude. The place of this fine old English word is now filled by such locu- 
tions as of it, about it, out of it, in it, on it, some of it, any of it, and so on ; 
not so in German, the word baaon, continues to maintain its sway in the lan- 
guage, and exercise its primitive functions. These functions necessarily embrac- 
ing all the English expressions that have usurped the occupations of thereof ': 
■ the word bar>on occurs very frequently, and will have very often to be made use 



84 CONSTRUCTION. 

of in speaking' or writing German. We shall give here some examples of the 
case6 in which bason, is made use of in German, so that the learner may form 
an accurate conception of its value in the language. 

SBaSfagen fte.baoon? What do they say about it ? 

(ScEcinn nicht bat) en Eommcn. . . . He cannot get out of it. 

(St tarn gtiicHtcft bacon He came happily out of it. 

x SOBag bentm <Stc bason ? AVhat do you think of it ? 

3ch nxufs Ccin SBort bason I know not a word about it. 

5ffio finb bic ©petfen ? Where are the viands 1 

SBtt fjakn bason We have some of them. 

SBolIcn (Sic bason ? Will you have any of them. 

3a, gtt> mir bason Yes, give me some. 

$abcn @ic bason ? Have you any 1 

It will be seen from the last two sentences, that bason is equivalent to the 
English words, some and any ; this happens only however when the words 
some or any refer to something already named, and consequently are used as 
an abbreviation of the expressions, some of them, some of it. When some or 
any is followed by a noun, it is rendered in German by ctroaS, as in the follow 
ing examples : 

#akn @te ctrvag QBctn ? . . . . Have you any wine 1 

©t& mir cttvaS SBcin Give me some wine. 

The word etiuaS, is also used in cases where the word something would be 
employed in English; as: 

©ib nut cttoag ju effen .... Give me something to eat. 
Under the head Composition, we shall introduce some phrases to exercise 
the learner in distinguishing between ettuag and bason, the equivalent of the 
English word some. 

XIV. 

dv fi'tljrte fettt 3SorI)a6en au$ , He carried out his design. 

The English language has derived from the German the practice of modify- 
ing or extending the meaning of the verbs by the addition of a particle ; thus in 
English the verb carry varies in meaning according as it is associated with one 
or other of the words, in, out, up, down, round, away, and so forth ; but although 
the English language has adopted this faculty, it has not at the same time re- 
tained all its attributes. In English, the particle is never attached to the verb, 
and written with it as one word ; and it is very much a matter of indifference 
where the particle is placed in the sentence ; it may either be written imme- 
diately after the verb, as in the sentence " He carried out his intention," or it 
may be placed at the end, as in the phrase " He carried his intention out." In 
German, on the contrary, when the verb is in the infinitive mood t the particle 
must be written with it, as one word ; thus, 

^ch mug mem SJothaben a u £ ;f ti h> I must carry my intention out. 
ten. 

Again, when the particle is separable, it is always placed a^er the subject ; 



PRONUNCIATION. 35 

it cannot be moved about at will, as in English, but must be placed at the end 
of the sentence ; thus, 

3cb ffifire mem SScrbakn au£ . . I carry out my intention. 
3d) fitbrte mem SSorljabcn cmS . . I carried my intention out 
We shall have occasion to sa.j something more of these compound verbs by 
and by ; in the mean time the learner will have to bear in mind the circumstan- 
ces we have noticed. 

XV. 
(Sitter tfon ung trntf? gebett, urn One of us must go to buy food. 
(gfjert $u faufen. 
• SfBemt ffe ta»on effert. When they eat of it. 

In the first of these phrases, the word cffen is a noun equivalent to the English 
substantive, food; in the second, effers, is a verb. It will be observed, that in 
the first phrase effort is written with a capital letter, and that in the second this 
is not the case. The reason of this is, that in German all nouns or words used 
as nouns are written with a capital letter, and if the learner looks over the 
words of the text, he will find this in every instance to be the case. About half 
a century ago, it was also the practice to write the nouns in English with a 
capital ; but this is one of the Saxon customs that have yielded to the march of 
innovation, a proof by the way of the fluctuating nature of the English language. 
This practice has existed in German for 1200 years, and is now as much a mat- 
ter of rigour as ever. The learner must therefore take care in writing German, 
to begin all the nouns with a capital letter. 

PRONUNCIATION- 

COMBINED CONSONANTS. 

Before speaking of the pronunciation of the consonants individually, 
we think it necessary to point out their pronunciation collectively — 
that is, when two or three of them occur together. It would be of no use, 
for example, to tell a foreigner that t is pronounced in English in such 
and such a manner, and that h is pronounced so and so ; without also 
telling him that t and h when together, have a sound totally different from 
that possessed by either of these letters when enunciated separately. 
When the learner acquires the habit of pronouncing the assembled con- 
sonants correctly, he will not experience much difficulty with the others. 
The consonants in German are much more disposed to assemble to- 
gether in groups than they are in English ; and, consequently, they 
demand under such circumstances a greater degree of attention on the 
part of the learner. Generally speaking, the consonants, whether single 
or double, are pronounced very much like their equivalents in English, 
but this is of course not always the case. The following are the 
groups of consonants that are not pronounced precisely alike in both 
languages, together with the manner they must be enunciated in 
German. 

Qtf), pronounced with the guttural sound described under the head 
Pronunciation in the first Lesson, 



36 COMPOSITION. 

©df), pronounced like sh, in the English words, shop, shut, sheep* 

(£()£, „ „ x, in the English words, axe, ox, ex. 

%$, j, „ t, but rather harder. 

There is no difficulty about the pronunciation of any of these com- 
binations except the first, and that we have described at length in the 
First Lesson ; but, unless the learner pays strict attention, these con- 
sonants will be a prolific source of blunder. To avoid this, it must be 
borne in mind that, though cl) has the guttural sound already pointed 
out, this sound is lost the moment cl) comes in contact with an $, 
whether this s comes before or is placed after. The next point to be 
borne in mind is, that fcf) is equivalent to sh in shoe, and consequently 
is never pronounced like sch in the word school. Lastly, it should be 
firmly impressed on the mind, that tfj is never pronounced like th in 
the English word think. No such sound as th in the word we have 
named, exists in German ; not that a German has any difficulty in 
pronouncing the English th correctly, when he is told how to do so. It 
is true, that we have heard Germans who have resided ten years in 
England, pronounce the English word them, as if written dem, and 
thirty as if written dirty. Five minutes instruction, nevertheless, 
would enable any German of common intelligence, to pronounce the 
English sound of th as correctly as the Lord High Chancellor; but 
either from superciliousness, or an obesity of disposition, they prefer 
being laughed at, to devoting the attention necessary to purify their 
pronunciation. Let not the English student of German place himself 
in the position of these Germans in London. After what we have said, 
we shall deem it unpardonable in any of our pupils, to pronounce tf) 
like these letters in the English word think, or cl) like these letters in 
cheese, or to commit any other barbarism in the pronunciation of the 
groups of consonants, that we have made the subject of our present 
observations. 

COMPOSITION. 

The words now known, conjoined with the principles of construction 
explained, will enable the learner to translate the following English 
sentences correctly into German. 

How are you ? Where are the viands ? 

Where are you ? - What eatables are these ? 

Are you there ? Whose viands are those ? 

There you are. Do you know that ? 

Where are they? Do I know what? 

They are there. Do you know what he said ? 

Who are they ? I must know what he said. 

That was good. Do you know what I said ? 

Was that good ? What did I say to him ? 

Where was that ? No, but I know what you said to 

When was that ? him. 

What was that ! How do you know that ? 

There it was. What did you say to him ? 



COMPOSITION. 



37 



What did you say to her ? 

What did you say to them ? 

What did you say to me ? 

What did he say to you ? 

What did he say of it ? 

What did he say of me ? 

What did he say of them ? 

What did he say of her ? 

What did you say ? 

I do not know what you said. 

JDo you know what that was 1 

Do you know where the travellers 
are? 

No, I do not. 

Where are my companions ? 

My companions are poisoned. 

Who poisoned my companions ? 

Why did you poison my com- 
panions ? 

Your companions poisoned them- 
selves. 

Who carried out an intention ? 

Why did he carry his intention 
out? 

I must carry out my intention. 

Carry your intention out. 

I carried my intention out. 

The three travellers keep the trea- 
sure. 

Why do they keep the treasure ? 

Where do they keep the treasure ? 

I must keep the treasure to my- 
self. 

He must not keep the treasure to 
himself. 

Who must keep the treasure ? 



Bring me something to eat. 

Bring me some meat. 

What sort of meat have you ? 

What sort of meat is that ? 

Have you any thing to eat ? 

What have you to eat ? 

We have good meat. 

Bring me some. 

We are hungry, and have nothing 
to eat, said the three travellers. 

What a repast for my companions ! 
said the traveller to himself, 
when he brought the poisoned 
meat. 

Are you hungry ? said one of the 
two travellers, when the poi- 
soned meat was brought ? 

We are not hungry, said the two 
travellers, when their companion 
brought the poisoned meat. 

What a repast ! said the two tra- 
vellers, when they ate their 
companion. 

What are these 1 said the two tra- 
vellers, when their companion 
brought the poisoned eatables. 

What an excellent companion we 
have ! said the two travellers, 
when he brought the viands. 

My companions are hungry, said 
the traveller, as he poisoned the 
meat. 

The treasure is mine ! said the 
traveller to himself, when his 
companions ate the poisoned 
food. 



A translation of these phrases will be given in the next Lesson 



THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. 



LESSON FOURTH. 



READING. 

REPETITION. 



Sic ftnb @ie? 28o finb ©te? (Sinb <Sieba ? £)a ftnb <§te. SBojinb @te. 
<Sic ftnb ba. 2Bcr finb fie? &a$ war gut. 5ESar t>ic9 gut? SQSo war btcp ? 2Bann 
war btcp ? 2Bag war bicp ? ©a war eg. 2Bo ftnb bic ©pcifen ? 2Bag fur ©pets 
fen ftnb btcfe? SBeffcn ©petfen ftnb btcfe? 2Btffcn <Ste bicfj? 2Bcip id) wag? 
SBiffcn ©ie wag cr fagtc? 3d) mug wtffcn, mat cr fagtc. 2Bag fagte id) tfym ? 2Bifs 
fen (Sic, wag id) fagte ? 9lcm! abcr id) wctp was @ie ju ifjm fagtcn. 2Btc wtffen 
@ie bicp ? 2Bag fagtcn <§ie 311 tljm ? SGSaS fagtcn @ie $u if)r 1 2Bag fagtcn <Ste ju 
ifyncn ? 2Bag fagtcn <Sie ju mtr ? 2Bag fagtc cr 3U 3f)ncn ? 2Bag fagtc cr baron ? 
SBag fagtc cr son mtr ? 2Bag fagtc cr con tfjncn ? 2Bag fagte cr son tt)r ? 2Bag 
fagtcn <Bic ? 3d) roeij} ntcbt wag (g'te fagtcn. SBiffen @tc, \vai bicjJ war ? ffitffcn 
' @ie, wo bic SRcifcnbcn finb? 9?etn, id) wcifj cgmd)t. 2Bo ftnb mcinc ®cfa£)ttcn? 
Sfletne ©cfafjtten ftnb scrgiftct. SGBcr oergiftetc mcinc ©efafjrtcn ? SBarum rcrgtf; 
tctcn <Sie mcinc ©cfafjrtcn ? Sfote ®cfat)rten rcrgiftcten fid) fclbft. SBcr fufjrtc cin 
SSorfjabcn aug ? SBarum fufjrtc cr fcin SSorljaben aug ? 3d) mug mctn 23erf)aben 
augftiijren. giiljre bctn SSorfyaben aug. 3d) fiitjrte mctn SGorfyaben aug. Sic brei 
Steifenbcn befjatten ben @d)(tg. SBarum befyattcn fie ben <Sd)a|5 ? 23o befjatten @tc ben 
<g<ha§ ? 3d) mug ben &<i)a§ far mid) fetbft befyatten. @r mug nid)t ben (Scfyag fiir fid) 
fetbft befjatten. 2Ber mug ben Scfyafc befjatten. Sring mir ctwag ju effen. SSrtngmircti 
wag^teifd). 2Bag fur gtcifd) Iiaben <Stc ? SSag fur gteifd) ift bieg ? £aben<Siectwag3u 
effen ? 2Bag fjaben ©ie ,u effen ? ffiBtr fjaben guteg tfteifdj. SSring mtr ctwag baron. 
2Bir fjaben hunger, unb fjaben nid)tg 311 effen, fagtcn btc brei SJcifcnben. 2Bag fur cine 
3JJaf)t$ctt fur mcinc ©efdrjrtcn? fagtc ber iHetfcnbc ,311 fid) fetbft, alg cr bag rergtftetc 
$tetfd) brad)te. £abcn <Ste hunger ? fagte cuter ber jwet Kctfenben a(g t>a$ r-ergiftctc 
g(cifd) gcbrad)t wurbc. 2Bir i)abcn fcincn hunger, fagtcn bic pet JRcifcnbcn alg i^r 
©efaf)rtc bag ocrgiftete gtcifd) brad)tc. 2Bag fiir c'tnc Wlatypit ! fagtcn btc pci 9?et= 
fenben aH fie tr)rcn ©cfdt)rtcn affen. SBag finb btcfe ? fagtcn btc pci 9letfcnbcn aig 
tl)r ©efafirtc btc (Spcifcn bradjte. SBag fur eincn gutcn Oefd^rten wir fjaben ! fag: 
ten bic pci Kcifcnben aU cr bic ©'pcifen brac^tc. SOJeinc ©cfd'brtcn (jaben hunger, 
fagte ber SReifcnbe aig cr bag gtetfd) rergtftctc. ®cr <£d)a§ gcfiort mir, fagtc ber SReU 
fenbe jit fid) fetbft, alt fcinc ©cfafjrtcn ia^ sergiftetc g'tetfd) affen. 

TEXT. 

©iebciben anbern, wetdjc, wcdjrcnb fciner 2tbwefcnf)cit eincn g(ctct)cn 2tnfd)tag wi* 
ber i^n gcfafJt fatten, crmorbcten ifjn bci feiner Surttdfunft, unb btieben atfo SQJciftcc 
son bent <Sd)a|c. 5Jiad)bem fte i^n umgcbrad)t fatten, oerje^rtcn fie bic retgiftetm 
©peifen, unb ftarben aud) attc beibc. 



TRANSLATION GRAMMAR. 39 

The following is a repetition of the above, with the pronunciation- 
placed under each German word : 

£>ie beiben anbern, raelcfje, roahrenb feiner 2Jbn)efenbett 

Dee bl'-den an'-dern, wel'-%e wai'-rend si'-ner ab-wai'-sen-hi'-et 

einen gleicben 3(nfdE)fag rr>iber t()it gefagt fatten, ermorbetert 

i-nen gl~-'-%en an'-shlag wee-der een gai'-fast hat'-ten, er-mof-de-ten 

it)ti bet feiner j$arftfEtaxtft, unb blieben alfo 9fteifter sort 

een bi sT-ner tsoo-ruk'-koonft, oont blee-ben alt-so ml'-ster fon 

bent ©cfyatse. 9?acr)bem ffe tbn umgebracf)t batten, tterjehrten 

dem Shat'-zy. Na^'dem see een oom-gai'-bra^t hat'-ten, fert-zair'-ten 

fte bt'e t>ergifteten ©peifen, unb ftorben and) atte beibe. 

see dee feer-geef'-te-ten spi'-sen oont star'-ben a-ow^ al-ly bl'-dy. 

In reading the above, the learner must bear in mind what we have 
said of the three characteristic sounds. He must also take care not 
to confound the sound we have written thus, i, with the sound of i in 
the English word sin. The mark in question is employed to represent 
the sound of the German diphthong et, which we have already said is 
pronounced like the letter i in the English word idea. 

TRANSLATION. 
Die beiben anbern, roelcbe, nxibrenb feiner 2!bn>efenbeit 

The two others, who during his absence 

einen gfeicfyen Slnfcbtag nn'ber ibn gefagt fyatteit, ermorbetert 

a similar project against him conceived had, assassinated 

tbn bet feiner 3ur i'tcffttn ft, unb blkben dfo SWetjfer ton 

him on his . return, and remained thus Masters of 

fcem ©cfyafce. 9tfacbbem fte ibn utngebracftt batten, uer^efyrtert 

the treasure. After that they him killed had, ate up 

fie bie ttergifteten ©petfen unb (tarben and) afte beibe. 

they the poisoned food, and died also all two. 

GRAMMAR. 

THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

The possessive pronouns are the little words employed in pointing 
out to whom an object belongs, as in the case of the word my in the 
sentence that is my book. These words, in German, must, like other 
adjectives, agree in number, gender, and case, with the object possessed; 
for example the word her in the sentence that is her book, must be of 
the same number, gender, and case, as the noun book. The posses- 
sives are declined according to the model we have given for declining 
the adjectives ; but as these words are much employed, we shall de- 
cline them here in full, so as to facilitate the learner in making use of 
them. 



40 





Wlein, 


my, 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL 




Masculine. 


Neuter. 


Feminine. 




Nom. mem, 
Gen. metned, 
Dat. mcinem 
Ace. meinen, 


mein, 
meineg, 
, meinem, 
mein, 


metne, 
meiner, 
meiner, 
meine, 


metne* 
meiner, 
metnen. 
metne. 




£ein, 


thy. 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL 




Masculine. 
Nom. bein, 
Gen. beineg, 
Dat. beinem, 
Ace beinen, 


Neuter. 
bein, 
beineg, 
beinem, 
bent, 


Feminine, 
beine, 
beiner, 
beiner, 
beine, 


beine. 
beine. 
beinen, 
beine 




@ein, his 


, its. 




; 


SINGULAR. 


PLURAL 




Masculine. 
Nom. fein, 
Gen. feineg, 
Dat. feinem, 
Ace. feinen, 


Neuter. 
fein, 
fein eg, 
feinem, 
fein, 


Feminine, 
feine. 
feiner, 
feiner, 
feine, 


feine. 
fetner. 
feinen. 
feine. 




3fo 


her. 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 




Masculine. 
Nom. ifyr, 
Gen. ibreg, 
Gen. ibrem, 
Ace. ibren, 


Neuter. 
ibr, 
ibreg, 
ifyrem, 

xiiitf 


Feminine, 
tyre, 
tbrer, 
tbrer, 
tfjre, 


tyre, 
tyrer. 
ifjren 
tyre. 




3fo 


their. 




i 


SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Masculine. 
Nom. ibr, 
Gen. ifyred, 
Dat. ibrem, 
Ace. tyren, 


Neuter. 
ifyr, 
tyreg, 
ifyrem, 
ibr, 


Feminine. 

tyre, 

tyrer, 

ibrer, 

tyre, 


tyre, 
tyrer. 
tyren. 
tyre. 


dmv, 

SINGULAR. 


your. 

PLURAL. 


Masculine. 


Neuter. 


Feminine. 




Nom. ener, 
Gen. euere$, 


euer, 
euereg, 


enere, 
euerer 


euere. 
euerer. 





CONVERSATION. 






Dat. euerem, 
Ace. eueren, 


euerem, 
euer, 


euerer, 
euere, 




euerert. 
euere. 


Unfer, 

SINGULAR. 


our. 


PLTJRAI 




Masculine. 
Nom. unfer, 
Gen. unfere^, 
Dat. unferem, 
Ace. unferen, 


Neuter. 
unfer, 
unfereg, 
unferem, 
unfer, 


Feminine, 
unfere, 
unferer, 
unferer, 
unfere, 


unfere. 
unferer. 
unferen 
unfere. 



4* 



The learner should now examine the possessive pronouns in the text 
of the lessons. With the aid of the foregoing table, he will be able to 
discover the number, gender, and case, of every possessive made use 
of. He should consider why one particular case or gender has been 
employed and not another. Suppose he examine the possessive fetner, 
in the phrase : SSatjtenb fetner 2Cbrccfenfjcit ; on consulting the table, he 
will find feinct to be feminine and in the genitive case. If he inquires^ 
why ? he will find fetner to be feminine, because the noun 2t&roefeM>it 
is of that gender ; and in the genitive case, because the preposition 
n>af)tcnt> requires a genitive case after it. 

This kind of inquiry, by exercising the ingenuity in the discovery 
of reasons for verbal disinences, will do more for the learner in com- 
prehending the grammatical minutia? of the language, than a whole 
chapter of explanation. 

CONVERSATION. 

In the following, as in the preceding colloquial exercise, we shall 
make use of some new forms of the verbs ; for example of serjefyrten, we 
shall introduce the participle Mtjetjrt, consumed, and the third person 
singular cr oerjefyrt, he consumed, as also the infinitive tierjefjren, to eat up, 
to consume. Of gefapt, we shall make use of the third person singular 
cr fapte, he conceived, and the infinitive Men, to conceive. These new 
verbs can cause the learner little difficulty, if he bear in mind the mean- 
ing and pronunciation of the forms in the text. In addition to the 
words that have already appeared, the learner will have to make him- 
self familiar with 

2Burbe . was, pronounced woor-dy. 

2Baren ♦ . were, „ wa-ren. 

$am ♦ came, ,, am. 

Reiner .... none, „ ki-ner. 



ffiSaS ftifyrten bic fcetben cinbern aug \ 
Sfficmn fafitcn fie btefen TCnfcbtag ? 
2Ba£ far etnen 2f nfci)lag fasten fie ? 

Sffiag fiir ctnen Hnfd&fotj fyatte ifjr ©cfafjrte 
ejefapt ? 

4 



©in en 2Cnfcl)Iag ttubet tfyrcn ©cfafjrtcn. 

SBcifyrcnb fetner 2t&n>efenf)cit. 

©men 2Cnfd)ta§ gtctcf) bem wn i^remOes 

fasten. 
<5r fapte ben 2(nfcMag, feme ©efafjtten ju 

ermorben. 



42 



CONVERSATION. 



SBarum fapte tt btefen 2fnfd)tag ! 

$ufjtte ce btcfen 2Cnfd)tag au$ ? 
SBtc fftfjttc ec tf)n auS ? . . . 



$ilf)ttcn bte betben anbeen tfyccn 2fnfd)tag 

au$? 
SBann ffltjrtcn fie ifjcen 2Cnfd)(aa, atu>? 

SBic ffifjttcn fie tfjn aui ? 

SBarum crmorbctcn fie ifjren ©cfafjrten? 

fatten fie ben <Sd)af; fur fid) fctOft aEctn ? 



SBct bltcb SWctfter bc$ ' 

SBet crmotbetc einen bee btet Kctfenben ? 

Xffcn fie ibn ? 

SGBas; fiit cincn 2(nfd)fag fnpten bic betben 

anbetn tcd'fjtcnb bet 2ibtt>cfenf)ett con 

intern ©efdfjtten ? 
SBaS fagten bte beiben anbetn, tr-abcenb 

bee 2£6n)cfen()ett tfjccS ©cfdf)cten ? 
2Bo tpaccn bte JKetfcnbcn tr>df)tenb bee 2(b= 

nx[cnl)eit if)ccs @efaf)ctcn ? 
$anbcn fie ben (£d)ak icdfyrcnb bee 2C(wc: 

fenljctt ifjrcS ©cfdfjctcn? 
9Ba» fanben fie, redfjeenb bee 2C0rucfcnt)cit 

tfjees ©cfdf)ttcn ? 
SBcc pecgiftcte bte ©pcifen ? 
SBarum cctgiftcte c'tnec bee Stctfenbcn bic 

<3pctfen ? 
SBann c ecgiftctc ce bte ©petfen 1 
2fp bee jRcifcnbc, nx(d)cr bte ©pctfen pee; 

gtftctc fetbfi bacon ? 
SBet cecjchrtc bic ccrgtftcten (Spetfen 1 
SBarum oerjefirtcn fie bte peegtftcten ©pet; 

[en? 
SBo oergeljtten fie bte peegtftcten (Spe'u 

fen? 
SBann cccjcfjctcn @'te bte pecgifteten ©pet; 

fen? 
SBann Earn tfjr ©efafjete sucucc ? 

Stodjbcm bte beiben anbeen etnen Tfnfdjtag 

gefafit fatten, ffifjttcn fie tfjn aue ? 
(Stmetbctcn bte beiben anbeen ben Kctfcn; 

ben nadj fetnee 3urftcftunft ? 
9?acf)bem bte betben anbcrn_tf)tcn ©cfdfjr; 

ten eemorbct batten, affen fie if)n ? 
3iacf) bee Sueucffunft bes Kctfcnbcn, fatten 

bte betben anbeen ctroaS ju effen ? 
Sfacfjbem fie ifjren ©cfdfjttcn etmorbetfjats 

ten, blicben fie SXeijtcr pon bem 



£)amtt ee ben <Scf)a§ fat fid) fetbjl befjais 

ten m6'd)te. 
3a, ee ffifjrtc tfjn auS. 
@c cergiftetc bte ©pctfen nxfcfje ec fcinen 

©efdfjttcn sum (Sffcn bradjte. 
3a, fie ffifjrtcn tfjn au$. 

33ct bee 3urttd£unft con ifjrem ©efafjts 

ten. 
©te cemoebcten tfyrcn ©cfdfjrtcn. 
2)amit fie ben <Sd)a(3 ffir fid) fcl&jt attetn 

befjaften mb'djten. 
3a, nad)bem fie tfjrcn ©cfd'Ijcten eemocs 

bet fatten, blicben fie 33ietftec con 

bent <Sd)age. 
S)tc betben anbeen. 
©ie betben anbeen. 
3d) roetfi eg ntd)t. 
(Sic faptcn ben 2Cnfcf)tag t^n ju eemoeben 



3d) rcetp c» ntd)t. 

2fuf bem SBcgc. 

92etn, tf)e ©cfa()etc tcac mtt t^ncn, al$ 

fie ben @d)a§ fanben. 
3d) ipeij} c» ntd)t. 

Since con ben 9?eifcnbcn. 

©atntt fetne ©cfdfytten |"iceben modjten/ 

roenn fie bacon d'ffcn. 
llnteetpcgb. 
9?ein, ec ap ntd)tg bacon. 

2)te betben anbeen. 
SBeil fie >pungee fatten. 

2fuf bent SBcgc. 

SSetbec Sueucftuiiftt^ecg ©efdfietcn. 

9lad)bcm ce bte Spctfcn gcJauft unb 

ocrgiftct t)attc. 
3a, fie ffifjttcn tfjn au3. 

3a, fie cttnotbetcn tf)n. 

9Jctn, fie a^cn ifynmdjt. 

3a, fie fatten bte oetgtfteten ©petfen. 

3a, fie bltebcn 9)Jciftet con bem <&§<x§i. 



CONVERSATION. 



9?acfj tier 3utttcftunft beg SRetfcnbcn, wx- 3a, fie petjefaten fie. 

jefatcn t>ic bctben anbeen bie Peegtfte; 

ten ©pcifen ? 

9?acfibcm fie bte octgtftctcn (Spctfen oetjefat 3a/ fte ftatben, noebbem fie bag petgtftcte 

' fatten, ftatben fie ? gleifcf) oetjefat fatten. 

SRadbbcm bie beet JReifenben geftocben ma: Bit roii|en eg nicfyt. 

ten, roct bltcb Sfletftet con bem 

©cbage ? 

23ct bee Sueucftunft bet iReifenbcn, roct 2)ie beiben anbeen fatten U;n. 

fatte ben @cfa§? 

S3et bee 3utucffimft beg SRetfcnbcn, roag £>en,tbnsu etmotben. 

fttt cinen 2tnfd)tacj fufaten feinc ©c; 

fasten aug ? 

Set bee Sueitcffunft beg 9tcifcnben : roce ap 2)ic beiben anbeen. 

bag setejiftetegteifcl) ? 

Set bee 3utucf?unft beg 9?ctfenben, roct Dec Keifenbe fetbjt 

routbe cemcebet ? 

Bag rouebe bet bee Sucudfcunft beg £Rct= -Die »cegifteten (Speifen. 

fenben t»er,3cf)rt ? 

Bag rouebe bet bee SueiicKunft beg $Ret= 3d) roeijJ eg nidbt. 

fenben gefagt ? 

SRacbbcm bee jRcifcnbe ba$ $tctfcb pctgtfs QZein, ee afj ntcfag bacon. 

tet fatte, afj ec etroag bason ? 

Bann fatten fie etroas ju effen ? 23et bee 3uriic£Cunft tfaeg ©cfd'btten. 

fatten bie 3£cifenben roabtcnb bee 2Cbroc: SRcin, fie fatten ntcfag. 

fenfait ifacg ©cfd'btten etroag 311 effen? 

Bag fatten bie 3tetfenbcn, bet bee 3ueuc|; <Sie fatten bie pcegiftetcn ©petfen. 

tunftibecg ©efafaten ju effen? 

fatten fie biefc ©peifen gcgefien roann fie 3«/ fie fatten afle ocr^cfjrt. 

ftaeben ? 

fatten fie ifaen ©cfafaten cemocbet, citg fie SZetn, fie fatten tfa ntcbt ctmotbet. 

ben ©cfafj fanben ? 

Bag rouebe gefunben ? ©in @cfa<5. 

Bag rouebe secret ? 2)ie ©peifen. 

Bag roucbe cctgiftet ? ©ng gtctfeb. 

Bag rouebe gefagt ?........ ®te beet SRetfenben fagten, rote fabets 

hunger. 

Bag rouebe gebtacbt 1 Bag $u etnet SRaf^cit gefa'et. 

Bag routbe aitggcfubtt ? ©inSSocfaben. 

Bag rouebe gcfa&t ? ©in 2Cnfcl)tag. 

Bet fajltc ctnen 2Cnfcf)(ag * 2)ct SRcifenbe, rocfebet fottgtng. 

Bet rouebe cemcebet? 25et JRcifenbc, roctcfac bie ©petfen pecs 

giftete. 

Bet fagte, rote faben £ungct ? . . . . 2He beei JRctfcnbcn. 

Bet Dccjefate bie ycegifteten ©peifen ? *Dte SRcifcnbcn, roeidjc tfaen ©efafaten 

cemoebeten. 

Bee fanb ctnen ©cfafe? . ..... JDtc beei JReifenbcn. 

SBec btieb gjjetftec »on bem ©cfage? ^etnee oon tfjncn, ta bie jroet 3?eifcnbcn 
ifaen ©cfafatcn cemoebeten unb> 
bicfec bie ©peifen oetcjtftet fatte. 

«So roaccn bie jroct Kcifenbcn, rocifaenb 2Bo fie ben ©cfag fanben." 

bee 2Cbroefenfatttfaeg ©cfafaten ? 

Bo roae bee ©d)a(|, roann bie Slctfenbcn ifa 3luf bem ffiBcgc. 

fanben ? 

SSSo roae bee ffiBecj ? Bit rotffen eg ntd)t 



44 CONSTRUCTION. 



SBann tvutbe einct t>on bm 9?etfmben cr; 

motbet ? 
2Bann affcn bic betben anbern bag gffetfdf)? 

2Bann fafJtcn ftc ben 2fnfd)(ag ifjtcn ©cfaljrs 

ten ^u ermorben ? 
SBann fufjrtcn ftc btefen 2£tifcF)tag auS ? 
SBann ftatben oic brei SRcifenbcn ? 



©inb bic Kctfcnbcn atte gcfiotbcn ? 
2Bie ftatben ftc? 



Set fatter Sur&Kunft. 

9ta$t>em fie i!jrcn ©efcibtten ermotbrt 

fatten. 
StBafjtcnb fetnet tfbroefenficit. 

93ci bee 3urucffunft t^rcg ©efafyttcn. 
5)ct cine bet fcincr Sutucffunft bic bets 

ben anbevn alS ftc bic sergiftetm 

(Spctfcn gegeffen batten. 
So, ftc ftnb alle geftotben. 
©met rcutbc ermctbet, bic beiben anbetn 

nmtben pergtftet. 



CONSTRUCTION. 
XVI. 



Stetfenbe . 


. travellers. 


©rf)a§ 


. treasure. 


OBeg 


. road. 


hunger . 


. hunger. 


@j7en 


♦ food . 


mm . 


. intention. 


9KabIjett . 


. meal. 


ffleifd) . . 


. meat. 


@efdt)rten . 


companions 


SBorbaben . 


. design. 


©petfen 


. viands. 


Slbwefentyeit 


. absence. 


21nfcf)Iag . 


. project. 


3uriicffunft 


. return. 


^eifler . 


. master. 



The foregoing is a list of all the nouns that have occurred in the 
text of our lessons, fifteen in all. The learner is aware that each of 
these nouns has nominally or really eight different forms, four to indi- 
cate the relations signified by the term case in the singular, and four 
to indicate them in the plural ; the learner is also aware that in writ- 
ing any one of these nouns, he must not regard the form given in the 
text, but first consider the case it involves, and then find the form of 
this case by means of the rules given under the head Construction, 
§ I. In order to decline a noun by the rules we have given, the learn- 
er has to find in his dictionary its nominative singular, nominative 
plural, and gender. It has occurred to us that it may be as well to 
give these, in order that the learner may not have to refer to his dic- 
tionary in every instance for the necessary information, as also to re- 
deem the promise we made (§ I.) of pointing out such nouns as are not 
declined in accordance with our rules. 

The first word on the list, namely, SReifenbe, we have already told the learner 
($ VII.), is in reality an adjective, and is declined in every respect like one ; 



CONSTEUCTION. 45 

so that he has only to substitute the root £Reifcnb for the root gut, in the model 
we have given (§11.) for declining the adjectives, in order to have it in all its 
forms. Of the other fourteen, we have already declined (Lesson I.) in full, @fs 
(en, 2C&ftcht, and ©cf)a§ ; so that we have only to give the nominatives and gender 
of eleven ; these are as follow : 

ber 2Beg, masculine, bte 2Bege. 

bte 9Wabi$ett, feminine, bte 9jflahljetten* 

ber ©efdbrte, masculine, bte ©ef&brten. 

ba$ 3Sort>aben, neuter, bte SSorbaben. 

bte ©petfe, feminine, bte ©petfen. 

bcr 2lrtfcrj(ag, masculine, bie Strtfchlage. 

ber 3JJet(ler, masculine, bie Sjfteifler. 

bag $tetfch, neuter, ) 

bte SJbroefenhett, feminine, J 

The last four nouns having no plural, our rules do not provide for thei? 
declension; it is usual however to insert in the dictionaries a suppositious 
plural, to serve as a key to decline the singular. If the learner refers to 
the rules we have given for declining the substantives, he will find stated 
in rule III. that all the cases of feminine nouns are the same as the no- 
minative ; it follows from this, that when a feminine noun has no plural, it under- 
goes no change whatever, and consequently that the words SurucfEunft, return, 
and JCfcroefenfjett, absence, are always written precisely as they appear in the 
text. There are only two nouns out of the fourteen of which our rules do not 
provide for the declension, the gender and nominative plural being known ; these 
are declined as follows : 



Nom. gtetfd). 

Gen. SletfrfjeS. 

Dat. gfetftfje. 

Ace. §letfcb. 



Nom. hunger, 
Gen. $ungerg. 
Dat. ganger. 
Ace. jjuttger. 



The learner now will be able to decline all the nouns in the text. 
By referring to the table given under the head Grammar (Lesson I.), 
he will be able to find out their case ; and the same table conjointly 
with that given under the head Grammar (Lesson II.), will enable him 
to discover the reason why a noun is in a particular case. 

XVII. 

2)te betben anbew, welcfye tuabrenb The two others, who had during 

(enter 2fbrr)efenbett emen gfetchen his absence conceived a 

2lttfcf)iag ttriber ifjrt gefag t batten. similar project. 

"ftachbem fie {bit nmgebrac&t batten. After that they had killed him. 

We stated section VIII. that under ordinary circumstances, the words in 

German were arranged in the same order as in English. In § XI. we pointed 

out an exception to this rule. In speaking of the sentence, 3d) mup $>a s i S^ifch 

uetgiften, we stated that when two verbs occurred in a sentence, the second 

was placed after the subject, as in the case of the sentence in question, where 

the subject, fcafi gleifeb, precedes the verb cergiftett. Again, in § VIII. in speak- 



46 PKONTTNCIATIO'ff.* 

ing of the sentence, 25a wit hunger ftafccn, mufj cincc »on unS gefien, we stated 
that certain words had the property of sending the verb to the end of a sentence. 
In the phrase before us, the relative t>a, sends the verb ba&cn, after the noun 
hunger; so that instead of the English order "as we have hunger," the Ger- 
man construction is, " as we hunger have." We stated at the same time, that 
when an inversion of this kind takes place in the first member of a sentence, the 
verb and the pronoun change places in the second ; consequently, the verb 
mufi, in the sentence under consideration, comes before the nominative cincr. son 
uns. We have thus in §§ VIII. and XI. exhibited three circumstances under 
which words are not placed in German as they are in English. The two sen- 
tences we have quoted at the head of this article from the text of our present 
lesson, illustrate another peculiarity of this kind, that requires some attention 
on the part of the learner, and of which we shall speak in the next lesson. 

PRONUNCIATION. 



There are in German, as in English, the five vowels a, c, t, C,and u. They 
are pronounced in German as follows : 

a like a in part. 



U „ o „ do. 
Where any one of these vowels stands alone ; that is, when they do not enter into 
the composition of one or other of the diphthongs, they are always pronounced in 
the manner pointed out in the above table. We have said that the letter e has 
the sound of a in the English word made ; it follows from this, that the word 
Spctct is pronounced in German as if it were written Paiter, which is the case. 
We may remark, however, that the Germans frequently give the letter c the 
sound of that letter in the English word best. In a great many words this would 
be the most correct pronunciation of the letter. The word tier, for example, is 
sometimes pronounced der and sometimes dare ; the former under some cir- 
cumstances being the most elegant of the two ; this is, however, very much a 
matter of euphony, so that the learner will be enabled to determine by his own 
ear when he should give the c this sound. In final syllables the c has the same 
indefinite sound that it has in English ; under such circumstances, the learner 
may pronounce the c any way he likes. It must however be borne in mind, that 
the actual German sound of the vowel c is that of a in the English word made, 
and that this vowel never has in German the sound the English give it in the 
word be. . Above all things take care always to pronounce the c in some way or 
other ; there are no silent letters in German. In our definition of a diphthong, 
we have given the learner to understand that it is only when two vowels come 
together, and have a sound foreign to both, that such two vowels are to be con- 
sidered as a diphthong. It does not follow, therefore, that when two vowels come 
together they constitute a diphthong. In the preceding lesson, we have given a 
list of the combinations of vowels that come under the denomination of diph- 
thongs; in all other assemblages of vowels, each letter has its own sound : thus 
in the word cuif, two vowels come together, and yet cut, is not included in our list 
of diphthongs ; and why? Because a is pronounced like a in part, andu, is pro- 
nounced like oo in good. So in all cases where two vowels occur together, and 
are not one of the six combinations we have styled diphthongs, each letter has 
its own sound. When two vowels of the same name are together, they are pro- 
nounced like single letters, but longer ; thus the word pactr, pair, is pronounced 
par, dwelling on the a ; and (Sec, lake, is pronounced say, dwelling upon the ay- 



COMPOSITION. 47 

The learner, in pronouncing a German word, will have to observe whether 
the vowels in the word constitute one or other of the diphthongs. If not, he 
will then give them the sounds we have assigned to them in the foregoing table. 
With the exception of the peculiarities we have mentioned attendant on the 
letter c, the vowels are always, and under all circumstances, pronounced in the 
manner we have pointed out. If the learner succeed in impressing on his mind 
the sounds we have stated the diphthongs and the five vowels to possess, he 
will have acquired a far more accurate and permanent pronunciation of German 
than he could have attained had he relied upon his ear and the instructions of a 
master. There is doubtless some labour and great attention required in order 
to associate in all cases correctly the eleven vowel sounds we have named with 
the eleven signs that are employed to represent them, but the habit of doing so 
once acquired, the advantages are in proportion to the care bestowed ; the learn- 
er will pronounce the language, not with the blundering hesitation of the school- 
boy, but with the unerring confidence of the rhetorician. The words of the 
text should now be gone carefully over — all the a's pronounced like a in part, 
start, dart ; all the i's that do not enter into the composition of a diphthong, like 
ee in been, .seen ; and all the u's like oo in good, stood, food ; and, in conclusion, 
we may observe that, in order to pronounce the vowels correctly, the learner 
needs no monitor, all that is wanted is unceasing attention. 

COMPOSITION. 

The learner has now acquired some notions of the structure of Ger- 
man, he should therefore be able to construct detached sentences with- 
out making any great error. He ought by this time to know how to 
apply the nouns properly, and to make the adjectives agree with them 
in number, gender, and case. We intend in the following exercise 
to give him an opportunity of testing his proficiency in this particular. 
We shall introduce the English of some nouns that have not appeared 
in our text. The German of these words will have to be sought for 
in the dictionary ; the number and case will have to be determined by 
the learner, and the proper forms be found, by means of the rules we 
have given for declining the nouns and adjectives in the First Lesson. 
We shall, as hitherto, give a translation of the phrases contained in the 
present exercise in the next lesson, whereby the learner will be enabled 
to detect any errors he may have made in the course of his transla- 
tion. 

I must buy some paper.* I want some butter. 

I must buy some pens. I want some (einige) eggs. 

I must buy some ink. I want some milk. 

I must buy some wafers. I want dinner. 

I must buy a seal. I want some potatoes. 

I must buy some sealing-wax. I want some bread. 

I must buy a pencil. I want some cheese. 

I want (ich bedarf.) I want some wine. 

I want breakfast, j" I want some brandy. 

I want some sugar. I want a cigar. 

* The word some, in cases of this kind, is entirely omitted in the German 
sentence. 
f The verb fccbatf requires a genitive case after it, expressed or understood, 



48 



COMPOSITION. 



I want tea. 

I want coffee. 

I want something to eat. 

I want something to drink. 

I want some cold water. 

I want some hot water. 

I want some soap. 

I want a towel. 

I want a fire. 

We must go. 

We must go to (nach) Vienna. 

We must go to Hanover. 

We must go to Geneva. 

We must go to Cologne. 

We must go to Paris. 

We must go to Leipsic. 

We must go to Saxony. 

We must go to Sweden. 

We must go to Italy. 

We must go to Scotland. 

We must go to Germany. 

We must go to the Theatre. 

We must go to the Opera. 

We must go to the Review. 

We must go to the Post-office. 

We must go to the ball. 

I wish [ich wiinsche]. 

I wish to have a newspaper. 

I wish to have a bottle of Schie- 
dam. 

I wish to have a bottle of wine. 

I wish a bottle of Johannisberg. 

I wish a bottle of Tokay, 

I wish to have my passport. 

I wish to buy a hat. 

I wish to buy a ring. 

I wish to buy a watch. 

I wish to buy a pocket-handker- 
chief. 

I wish to buy a cravat. 

I wish to buy a pair of socks. 

Where are my companions ? 

Where are my boots ? 

Where are my trunks ? 



Where are my letters ? 

Where are my gloves ? 

What kind of viands have you? 

What sort of liqueurs have you? 

What sort of meat have you? 

What sort of fish have you ? 

What sort of vegetables have you ? 

What sort of soup have you ? 

What sort of wine have you ? 

What sort of beer have you ? 

Have you the treasure ? 

Have you what belongs to a repast? 

Have you any French wines ? 

Have you any good Rhine wine ? 

Have you any London porter ? 

Have you any potatoes ? 

Have you any turnips? 

Have you any bread ? 

Have you any salt ? 

Have you a candle ? 

Have you a nightcap ? 

Have you a plan of Berlin ? 

Have you Schiller's works ? 

Have you Goethe's poems / 

Have you any change ? 

What have we to pay ? 

What have you had ? 

We have no money. 

We are Englishmen. 

What shocking weather I 

What a heavy rain ! 

What a disagreeable evening ! 

What a wet morning ! 

What fine weather ! 

What gorgeous weather ! 

What a lovely sky ! 

What a fine day ! 

What a beautiful morning ! 

What a good story ! 

What a singular idea ! 

What an excellent method ! 

What a great jackass ! 

What a bore ! 



LESSON FIFTH. 

READING. 

REPETITION. 

3d) mu(i papier faufcn. 3d) muff gebefn foufcn. 3d) mup <Dittt« faufen. 3d) 
mup Obtatcn faufcn. 3d) nmp etn Sicgct faufen. 3d) mufi ©iegettacf Eaufen. 3cbmufi 
etn «8tcijtiftFaufcn. 3d) bebarf. 3d) bebarf bc$ #cttbjiacf$. 3d) bebarf 3udcr. 3d)be= 
t)arf etroag Sutter. 3d) bebarf etntge (Stcr. 3d) bebarf etoaS SOtt(d). 3d) bebarf bc£ 
SOHttagcffcnS. 3d) bebrttf etntge .Kattoffctn. 3d) bebarf ctmas ffireb. 3d) bebarf ctroaS 
.Rafc. 3d)bcbarfctn)a^ s 2Bctn. 3d)bcbarf ctma<? 23ranntrocin. 3d) bebarf ciner Stgatte. 
3d) bebarf Sbcc. 3d) bebarf £affcc. 3d) bebarf ctroa* ?u effen. 3d) bebarf ctroas ju 
trtnfen. 3d) bebarf ctmas fatteS SBaffer. 3d) bebarf ctn?a5 fjeipeg SQSaffcr. 3d) bc= 
barf ctnjag (Scife. 3d) bebarf etnes £>anbtud>e$. 3d) bebarf ctncS gcuer*. SOBit 
muffen qeben. SEir miiffen ttad) ©ten geben. 2Btr miiffen nad) Joannoocr gefyen. 
2Btr miiffen nad) ©enfgeben. 22ir miiffen nad) &out geben. SBtr miiffen nad)3)artS 
geben. 2£ir miiffen nad) 2etp3tg gefjen. SBtr muffen nad) ©adjfen geben. 2Bic 
miiffen nad) Scbmcben geben. SBtr miiffen nad) Staficn gcfien. 2Bir miiffen nad) 
ScbottlanD gefjen. SBtr muffen nad) £)cut|d)f«nb geben. S3>it miiffen nad) bem Sd)au= 
fpictbaufc geben. ffiStc muffen nad) ber £>pcr gefjen. 93:r muffen nad) ber -peerfebau 
gef)en. 9£ir muffen nad) bem spoftfjaufc gefjen. SBtr miiffen auf ben 23atX geben. 
3d) ttrtinfebe. 3d) rounfdje erne Settling ju baben. 3d) rofinfdje cine #(afd)C Scbtes 
bamer ju fjaben. 3cbnjunfd)C cine jfafebe SfBctn ju baben. 3d) nninfd)C cine $tafdje 
SebanniSbcrgcr SBein. 3d) roiinfebe cine ^fafc^c Sofatr ©etn. 3d) mirnfd)C metnen 
Spafou baben. 3d) roitnfebe einen .put 311 fattfen. 3d) rounfdjc cinen King j« faufen. 
3d) rounfebe etne Safdjcnubr ,311 Eaufen. 3d) rounfebe ein Safcbentud) g« faufim. 3d) 
tvunfd)C etn .pa(stud) ju Eaufcn. 3d) rounfebe cirt tyaat Socfcn 3U Eaufcn. SBo ftnb 
metne ©efabrtcn ? ®o ftnb metne ©tiefeH ©0 ftnb metne Coffer ? 9Bo ftnb meine 
SBrtcfe ? 3$o ftnb metne .panbfebube ? SEaS fiir Speifcn baben Sic .? SBae; fur 
©ctrcmEe baben (Sic ? SCae; fur gtetfdj baben Sic ? 2£a<5 fur gtfdbf baben Sic % 
SBaS fiir ©cmufe baben (Sic ? 2Ba$ fur Stippc baben Sic 1 SBaj: fitr SBcin ^a^ctt" 
(Sie ? ©aS fiir 95ier baben <2tc ? $aUn (Sic ben <Sd)af5 ? .paben Sic mag 311 et= 
ncr SRaljIsctt gef)6rt«? £abcn Sic fran3oftfd)cn SQBctn ? .fraben Sic gutcn SR\)cm: 
mcin ? Joaben Sic Sonbcner ^crtcr ? ^aben Sie jPiartcffeln ? .paben Sic Kubcn ? 
.paben Sie Srob ? .paben Sic Sat, ? .paben Sie etn 2td)t ? £abcn Sic etne S^acbti 
mti|c ? .paben Sie etne ^artc oon ffierttn ? .paben Ste ScbittcrM SGBcrfc ? .paben 
S'te ©b'tbc'» ©ebicbtc ? ^aben Sie Heine* ®elb ? SSag baben mir 3U bejabten ? 
SGBag baben Sie gebabt? 'SfBir baben Eetn ©e(b. SBir ftnb (Sngfanbcr. 2Bag fiir 
fcbted)tey ©etter ! 2Ba3 fiir befttger JRcgen ! 2Ba§ fur etn unangenebmer 2(bcnb ! 
9Bag fitr ein naffer OTorgcn ! 2Ba5 fiir angenebmcy ©etter ! Sffiag fur gottticbcS 
SSetter! 2Ba§ fiir etn (iebficber .pimmef ! ffljjag fiir ein feboner Sag! SBail fitr etn 
febener OTcrgcn ! 28aS fur cine gutc @efd)td)tc ! 9£a>3 fiir cine ctn^ige 3bce ! 2Bag 
fiir cine fd)6nc OTetbcbe ! 9Ba<? fur etn groffer ©fef ! SSaS fiir etn dualer ! 

TEXT. 

©in ffiMttvctfcr, ber an btefem Drte porilber gtng, fagte : fcfoct wa$ bte ©ett tft r unt> 
rote fie biefen bret 5)crfoncn mttgefptett bat : SBebc bemicnigen, ber if>rc Kctcbtbiimcr 
perfanget 2 

The following is a repetition of the above portion of text, with the pronun- 
ciation of the words. 

din 2Beftroeifer ber an btefem Drte »oruber gtng, fagte: 

ia welt-vl'-ser der an dee sera or-ty fo-rii-ber geeng, sag'ty; 



50 



fel)et wa$ bte SBelt \$, unb n>te ffe bte fen bret sperfonen 

salt' was dee welt ist, oont wee see dee-sen dry per-so-nen 

mitQefyidt ijat: 2Befje bemjentgen ber tfyre 9?etd)tf)ijmer »er* 

meet-gais-peelt' hat : waie dem-yai'nee-gen, der ee-re ri^'-tu-mer fer- 

foncjet. 

lang-et. 

TRANSLATION. 

din 28eftroetfer, ber an btefem Drte ttoritber gtng, fagte: 

A philosopher, who on this place over went, said : 

fefyet wa$ bte 2BeIt tft, unb rote ffe btefett bret ^erfottett 

see what the world is, and how she these three persons 

ntttgefptelt far: 28ebe bemjenigen, ber ifyre D?etcf)tf)utner 

played with has : wo to him, who her riches 

»erfanger. 

desires. 

GRAMMAR. 

RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

In the sentence "the person that called yesterday," the pronoun "that" is 
called a relative ; and other pronouns employed under similar circumstances 
are likewise called "relatives." The term itself is somewhat vague, as it 
might as well be applied to any other class of pronouns as to that under consi- 
deration. 

It may be useful to remark, that the pronoun who is one of the few English 
words that possess the attributes of declension, who may be, to a certain ex- 
tent, declined ; for example, the English say, 

Masc. & Fern. The philosopher ivho found the treasure. 
Neuter. The treasure which the philosopher found. 

Here there is a form of the pronoun for the neuter gender ; again, who is de- 
clined in respect to case, thus : 

Nom. The philosopher who questions me. 
Gen. The philosopher whose questions I answer. 
Dat. No particular form. 
Ace. The philosopher whom I question. 
This, it is true, can only be considered as the shadow of a declinable word, but 
still it illustrates some of the features signified by the term declension. 

There are in German four relative pronouns; these are declined as follow: 
SBelcbct, who, which, that. 





Singular. 




Plural 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


all Genders. 


Nom. roctcber, 


rcc(chc, 


tnclcbes, 


roetcbe. 


Gen. roctcbcS, 


roelcbcr, 


rocldxS/ 


rtxtcber. 


Dat. roctcbem, 


roctcber, 


roelcbcnt, 


roelcben. 


Ace. rcctdbcrt, 


roelcbe, 


roelcbce, 


roelcbe. 




£>et, who, 


which, that. 






Singular. 




Plural 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


all Genders. 


Nom. bet, 


bte 


las, 


bte, 


Gen. befjen, 


bcrert, 


beffen, 


bercr. 


Dat. bem, 


bet, 


bem, 


bencrt. 


Ace. ben, 


bte, 


las, 


bte. 



IVom. roer, 
Gen. rocffe 
Dat. mm, 
Ace. roen. 



* 1'] 



CONVEESATION. 51 

SGBct, he, who. 



ST ri! Cn/ ° r W8P/ )• For al1 Numbers and Genders. 
Dat. teem, 



Nom. tt>a$, "J 

S? , r- ffC ?°t r?De|1 '^ ?■ For all Numbers and Genders. 
Dat. tt>a6, (not in use) [ 

Ace. roaS. J 

It will be observed that the forms of the relative bcr, are for the most part ex- 
actly like those of the article, declined section III. It follows from this, that 
fcer sometimes signifies the, and sometimes who, ivhich, or that ; for example, in 
the sentence : 

Set SDSeltwetfc bet ben <Sdja§ font). The Philosopher who found the treasure. 
The first t>et is an article, equivalent to the in English ; the second t>et is a rela- 
tive, equivalent to the English relative who or that; the learner then must ob- 
serve carefully in translating any form of the word ter, whether he has to deal 
with an article or a relative pronoun ; the other words in the sentence will en- 
able him to determine this point. 

In English, the relative who and the relative that are used in a great mea- 
sure indiscriminately ; an Englishman may either say " the person that called 
yesterday," or " the person who called yesterday." The same is the case in 
German with the relatives bcr and nxlcbet, the one under most circumstances 
may be used for the other ; we may say in German, either SDte $)crfon, tie tie 
(gpetfen 6cctcf)te, or £>te spetfon roekbe tie ©peifen btachtc : the one is quite as good 
as the other ; there are some cases in which the one should be employed and 
not the other, but of these we shall speak on some future occasion. 

The position of the relative in a sentence is the same in German as in Eng- 
lish. In both languages, the relative should be placed as near as possible to 
the object or objects to which it relates ; in an English newspaper at present 
before us, the following sentence occurs. " Copenhagen House has for the last 
three years been under the management of Mr. Bryant, and is now conducted 
by a nephew of that gentleman, who is dead ;" here the relative and its comple- 
ment "who is dead" refer by position to the nephew, whilst the context clearly 
shows, that the uncle and not the nephew is meant; so in German, a relative 
misplaced in this way may cause much confusion in the sense of a sentence. 

CONVERSATION. 

In the following colloquial exercise, we shall endeavour by frequent repetition 
to make the learner thoroughly familiar with the words that compose the text of 
our present lesson. There is one word in particular that we shall bring 
specially under his attention, we mean the word mttgefptclt ; this is the past par- 
ticiple of the verb mttfpietcn, to play with, and is a compound, consisting of the 
preposition mit, with, and the verb fptetcn, to play. The verb fptetcn, forms its 
past participle by prefixing the particle ge, and changing the en of the infinitive 
into t ; so that from fptetcn, to play, we have gcfpiclt, played, and hence the form 
mttgefpiett,* played with, of the text. The learner will have to bear in mind 
the meaning of these component parts of the word mitcjefpteft, as well as that of 
the word itself, 

* This word appears to have considerable analogy in orthography and meaning 
with the French espieglcric, they are doubtless derived from a common root. 



52 



CONVERSATION. 



In addition to the words already known, the learner will have to make hiEB» 
self acquainted with the meaning and pronunciation of the following : 

tfiat ...... did, pronounced ddt. 

cinanbct .... one another, „ In-an-der. 

fafj saw, „ saw. 

tot>t dead, „ todt. 

ubel evil, „ u-bel. 

cin icbcc .... each, „ ln-yei-der. 

SBeife way, means, „ wise. 

Dcrmutbc .... suppose, „ fer-moo'-ty. 

bcbanbclt .... treated, „ be-han' -delt. 

We shall likewise employ some other tenses of the verbs besides those in the 
text ; for example, of the verb fpielcn, to play, we shall make use of third per- 
son present tense, fie fpielt, she plays, and the same person of the past tense, 
ftc fpiclte, she played, and so in the case of the other verbs. 

SBcr ging an biefem Drte perukr ? ©in SBdtractfcr. 

2Bo ging bcr SBeltroeife ? 2fn btefcm Drte. 

2Bo roar bicfcr Drt ? SBir ttuffcn eg nicbt. 

2BaS that tier iLHltiucifc an biefem Drte ? St ging r>oriioer. 

2Bo ging bet SOBcftrocife sorit&er ? Un bem £rtc, n>o bie SReifcnben ftarben. 

SSSatum ging bcr 2Beftroctfe an biefem £)rtc 2Bir roiffen cS nicbt. 

comber ? 

SBann gtng er an biefem Orte porubcr 1 711$ bte Ketfenben ftaroen. 

2Bas fab bcr aSeltrocifc an biefem Dtte ? <5t fab ba£ bte SBclt ben brci SKetfenben 

nutgcfpielt hattc. 

2Bic fab cr W; bte SSelt ben brei Ketfenben 2£et( ct alle brei tobt an bem £>tte fanb. 

nutgcfpielt ftatte? 

SDBae fagte cr a(» cr bte brei tobten Ketfen; <5r fagte : SBebc bemienigen roefcBec 

ben fanb ? $Reicbtf)umer ccrlangt. 

SBann fagte er btef' 1 7U* cr bie tobten jRcifcnbcn fab. 

SSarum fagte bee 3Sc(troeifc : roebe berm> SBctl bie brei 3?etfcnbcn fid) cinanber 

ntgcna>e(d)ec 3tcicbtf)iimer rerlangt? umgebraebt fatten, urn ben <Scba| 
jit \)<xbcn. 

SScrlangtc bcr SScitmcifc ben <Scb.a6 ? 9?ein, cr r-crlangtc ibn nicbt. 

2Bcr serlangte ben <Scba§ ? 5)ic brei 3tcifenbcn. 

SSerlangten bie brei JReifenben ben <Sd)a| ? 3a, alle brei pertangten ben <Sdja$. 

©piclt bie 2Bclt mit benienigen, roctebe %a, ftc fpielt nut ihnen. 

Sicicbtbiimer rcrlangen ? 

£attc bie 2Bett ben brei iRctfenbcn mitge; %a, fie batte tfjncn nutgcfpielt. 

fpielt ? 

SSte fpiclte bie -2Bclt nut ben brei 9?etfen; (Sic fpiclte iioel nut ibnen. 

ben? 

SBScr fpiclte mit ben brei Kcifcnbcn ? 25ie 2Belt. 

SBatum fpiclte bie SBelt mit ben brei 3Jcii 23cil fie ihre Sfceicbtftumct oerlangten. 

fenben? 

2Bet petlangtc bie SReicbtl)umer bcr SSett ? 2)ic brci Jtteifcnbcn. 

SBie r-ctlangtcn fie bie JRcicbttjumcr bcr @ie pcrlangten cin icbec ben <Scba§ fitr 

SBett? fid) fclb)l au baben. 

Sffiann fpiclte bie 9Selt ben brci Keifenben 2C(» fie itjrc Kcicbt^umcr pertangten. 

mit? 

SStc fpielt bie SBclt mit benientgen, roeldje <Ste fpielt u6el nut ifjnen. 

Kcicbtbumet oerlangen ? 

SQHt roem fpielt bie 2Belt ? sOiit benienigen, roclcbe Keicbtb^mec wt* 

langen. 



CONVERSATION. 



53 



©piett tic SBeft nut fccnicntgcn, mclcbe 

Kctcfttfmmcc ccctangcn ? 
SBarum fpteft bie SBclt mit tcnjenigcn, 

roclcfjc JReid)tf)umec rcclangcn ? 
2Bic rjattc tic SCelttcn tret SKctfcnbcn nut; 

gefpielt? 
SQBarum fpteftc tie SSclt fo mtt tljncn? 
©piett tie 2Bc(t fo nut alien, tic SRetcbtfjfc 

nier oeclangcn ? 
50Jit roclchcn specfoncn Fjattc tie SBclt gc; 

fpieft ? 
©ptefte * tie SBeft mtt tern SSeltrocifen? 
©ptclt tie SSelt ntcfjt tint SBclttueifen ? 
SKtt n?ctd>cn g)ccfcncn fpiclt tic SBelt ? 

2Bcc fagtc, bafj tie 2Bc(t ten tcei JRcifcntcn 

mtt gefpielt f)atte ? 
2Bic fant tec ©eltroeife aug, tag- tic SBcft 

ten trei JRetfcntctt mitgcfpielt fjattc ? 

IXBie fpieltc tie SBeft mtt temicnigen, iViU 

cfyce ging ©pctfen 311 taufen ? 
aBnrum fpieltc tic 2£elt fo mit ifmt ? 

SBie fpieltc tic 92>clt mtt feincn ©cfafjeten ? 
SBie bctianteltc tic 2Mt ticjenigen, roctebe 

£ctnc JPancf)tf)umer scclangen ? 
SBie kfjantcltc tie 2£elt ten SGBettroeifcn ? 
2Bte rouctc tec SKeifcnte, nxtcbec tic ©pet; 

fen bcacf)tc, con feincn ©efd'fjrtcn fce; 

fjantett ! 
SBarum fcefjanbetten fie tfm fo ? 

SBie murben tie kitcn antecn con tficem 

©cfafjrten behanbeft ? 
SBcr ftar6 an tern £)ctc, two bet SBcltoeife 

sottiber ging? 
SGBcr ging an tent £)rtc ocrit&cr ati tie 

JRcifentcn flarOcn? 
SBaS faf) tec SBcltroeife ta ? 
SBag fagtc cc atg cc tic trei totten JReifcn; 

ten faf) ? 

©agtc ter SBctttt-cife : fcfyet mag cin ©cbaft 

ijt? 
©agtc cc: mef)C tenienigen, rcclcbc tie 

SRcicbtfjumer tec SSclt uerlangen ? 
©agtc ec, roebe tcnjenigcn nxlcfyc ©cfjafic 

finten'? 
SBcc faf) tie JReifentcn ftctben ? 

©af) tec SBeltroctfc fie ntdf>t ftccben ? 



3a, fie fpieft mit tfmen 

2Bic roiffen eg ntdf>t. 

Dec cine roucte ermortct, tie fatten an= 

tccn rouctcn t>ccgiftct. 
2Bcil fie ifyrc jReicf)tl)umec t>erlangten. 
9?cin, ntcht mit alien. 

Wilt ten tcci SRcifcnten. 

9?ein, fie fpieltc ntd>t mit tljm. 

SBic rctffen es nid)t. 

SOJit tenjenigen, roctcfjc 5Kctcbtf)umct Dec* 

langcn." 
Sec SBcltrceifc. 

SQBeil cc tic tcci totten JRcifenten unb 
tag llcberblctbfct ter ttergiftcten 
©peifen an tent £)rte faf). 

©c mucte ecmoctet. 

SBctf er ten ©cbag atlcin fuc fief) fcl6ft 

^u baben ticctangte. 
2fuf gtcicbe SBeifc. 
Scf) r-ermutfje gut. 

SBir roiffen eg nicf)t. 
©ie ccmoctcten ibn. 



Sficif fie ten ©cfia§ aHctn ftic fief) feffcflt ju 

fjaben ttcclangtcn. 
<£t »ccgiftete fie. 

®ic trei JKeifcntcn. 

©cr SSettocife. 

St faf) tic trei totten Keifcntcn. 

(5c fagte : fcl)ct coag tie SBclt iff, unt twe 

fie ticfen tcci g)crfonen mitgcfpielt 

F)at! 
S^cin, cc fagtc tag ntcf)t. 

3a, cc fagtc eg. 

9?cin, cc fagtc tag ntcljt. 

ffiic roiffen eg ntcfet, bee SBcftrocifc fanb 

fie tott. 
9?ein. 



* Bear in mind that fpieltc is the past tense, and consequently played, in 
English ; and that in the following interrogation, fpiclt is the present tense, 
equivalent to the English word plays. 



54 CONSTRUCTION. 

©ab tier SBcltroeife ben ©cba$ ? (St fagtc c$ nicfjt. ■ 

©af) bee SGBeltoetfe ctmag con ben pctgiftc; 3cb »ctmuthe ntd)t. 

ten ©pcifen ? 

3(p cr etma» sen ben Petgiftctcn ©petfen ? Siein, et a£ mchtS baoon. 

©tart bet SBeftwetfe ? 2Bit miffen c$ ntcftt. 

2Det tctlangtc bic Ketchthumct bet StBctt? £>ic btei JRetfcnbcn. 

2Bic r-cttangten fie bic Keicbthumct bet ©in iebct setlangtc ben ©cba| fut jt$ 

SSctt? fctfcft altetn p baOcn. 

SGBtc fptclt bte QBctt benjentgen mit, bic ©te fpictt ubct mit thncn. 

JReicbthtimct cetlangcn ? 

9Bte fpiette bic SOBctt ben btei Kcifcnbcn mit ? ©ie mutben altc btei umgekacbt. 

2Batum fpiettc bic SBelt fo mit ben btei 2Beit (ie tbtc Kctcbthtimet ccttangtcn. 

Stcifenben ? 

2Ba$ fagtc bet SGSettnxife bauon ? <5t fagtc : rocbe bemjenigen bet bte 
9tetd)tbumct bet 2Belt oettangct. 

CONSTRUCTION. 

XVIII. 

2Bcltroeifcr. 

£ttc. 

SBett. 

^etfencn. 

JKeid)tf)umct. 

The foregoing is a list of all the nouns that occur in the text of the present 
iesson. In order to decline these, as we have already stated, the learner must 
know the nominative singular and plural, as also the gender. In speaking ot 
the word JRcifcnbe, section VII. we have said that there are certain words used 
as nouns that are declined in a particular manner : the noun SBcttmcifct, of the 
present lesson, is one of these, for the declension of which we refer the learner 
to what we have said in section VII. The nominative singular, plural and 
gender of the other four nouns are as follow : 

Nom. Singular. Nom. Plural. 

bet £)tr, mas. | bie Dcttct. 

bic $)ctfen, fem. bic spctfencn. 

bet JKeichtrnmi, mas. bic &eichtf)umct. 

bte SBett, fem. not used in the Plural. 

The word SBett, world, not being used in the plural, and being at the same 
time of the feminine gender, it undergoes no change in respect of case, and so 
like its English equivalent always retains the same form. 

The word SBcttroeifct, of the text, is made up of the noun SBett, world, and the 
adjective rocifc, wise, in the same way that the Greek word philosopher is made 
up of the noun yixot, friend, and the adjective <roqo;, wise; the formation of words 
in this way is a marked feature of the older languages, and is particularly so in 
German. 

XIX. 

•Die bciben anbetn, roctebe roabtenb fetnet The two others who, during his 
Mbrccfcnbeit cincn gteicben 2tnfcbtag absence, had conceived a similar 

rotbet ihn gefa£t batten. project against him. 

SRacbbcm fie thn umgebtacbt batten. After that they had killed him. 

In speaking, last lesson, of the two phrases quoted above, we said that they 
illustrate a difference between the English and German construction. If the 



phoxu>-oiatio:\\ 55 

learner reads over section XVII., containing the remarks upon them we then 
made, he will be reminded that we have already spoken of three points «rf differ- 
ence between the English and German construction ; and consequently, that the 
two sentences before us illustrate a fourth diversity of this kind. 

One of the characteristic peculiarities of the German construction, that we 
have already enumerated, arises from the faculty possessed by certain little 
words, of throwing the verb to the end of a sentence : the peculiarity of which 
we have now to speak arises from precisely the same cause. 

In German, when one of the words that possess the faculty of changing the 
place of a verb, occurs in a sentence in which an auxiliary is made use of, the 
auxiliary is placed after the verb, and so is the concluding word of the sentence. 
The relative pronoun roddhet, and the conjunctional adverb nachocm, like other 
words of their class, possess this property of determining the place of the verb ; 
so in the first of the two sentences before us, we have in English, *' The two 
others who, during his absence, had conceived a similar design;" but in conse- 
quence of the attributes of the relative who, we have in German, " The two 
others, who during his absence a similar design conceived had" the verb con- 
ceived is sent to the end of the sentence on account of the relative ivho, and for 
the same reason the auxiliary had is placed after the verb. Again, in the second 
of the two sentences quoted from the text, we have in English, "After they had 
killed him ;" but in consequence of the prepositive power of the conjunctional 
adverb nadjfcem, we have in German, " After they killed him had," the verb in 
this as in the former sentence being placed after the subject, and the auxiliary 
had concluding the sentence. Thus the fourth distinctive characteristic of the 
German construction consists in making the auxiliary the last word of a sen- 
tence in which an auxiliary is employed. 

There are amongst the Germans many speakers who do not attend very 
closely to these matters. It is fashionable at the present day in Germany to 
make use of foreign words and foreign modes of expression ; we do not advise 
the learner to adopt such practices, but recommend him, as he progresses in 
the language, to be guided in style at least, rather by the writers than by the 
speakers. We love the German language, its hardy vigour, its Gothic struc- 
ture, and its antique black letter, that has resisted for ages the attempts made to 
substitute for it the Roman character. However much we should like to see 
one common language made the medium of intercourse amongst mankind ; we 
dislike to see a language denuded of its peculiar attributes, and brought down 
to the standard of another less dignified, simply because that other is for the 
time more a la mode. Nothing tends moreover, so much to identify a lan- 
guage in the mind of the learner, as an acquaintance with such marked features 
as are peculiarly its own ; for this reason we would recommend the learner to 
pay special attention to the moving to and fro of the verbs we have been speak- 
ing of, as in no other language does such a peculiarity as this exist ; the faculty 
possessed by the relative words of throwing the verb and auxiliary to the end 
of a sentence, and of reversing in consequence the position of the words in an- 
other sentence, is wholly German, and, if properly comprehended, will go a 
great way in disclosing to the learner the structure of the language 

PRONUNCIATION. 

CONSONANTS. 

The consonants are pronounced in German precisely as they are in English, 
with the exception of the letters i, t>, and 3, these three letters being pronounced 
as follows : 

I, like y, in the English word you. 
»/ » f, » M. 

8, „ tz, in the Irish word Fitz. 
In German, the letter h is always aspirated at the beginning, and always 



56 COMPOSITION. 

silent in the middle of words, with the single exception of the syllable fiett in 
such words as 2(&roefcnbcit, in which the h is pronounced. When th6 letter f 
occurs before the vowels i, \, or the diphthongs a, 6, it has sound of ts, as in the 
word ©afar, Ccesar, pronounced tsai-sar ; in all other circumstances, c has the 
sound that letter has in the English word cat. The consonant Q, in German, 
has always the hard sound of g in give, never that of g in gin. In giving the 
pronunciation of the words of our text, we have stated the words ahi and un$ 
to be pronounced alts and oonts, this is not however positively correct — in 
giving the pronunciation of these words we have followed the popular pro- 
nunciation of the language; but those amongst the German grammarians who 
are regarded as authorities in matters of prosody, say, that the letter 6 should 
always be enunciated in one uniform manner, that is, with the hissing sound the 
letter has in English, and to this rule they admit of no exceptions ; the words al$ 
and un6 should therefore be pronounced as they are written, and not in the 
manner the mass of speakers enunciate them. 

In the different states of Germany, the pronunciation of German assumes very 
different aspects ; it is pronounced here in one fashion, and there in another. 
Sounds are made use of in one place that are unknown in another, just 
as a large portion of the inhabitants of Great Britain make use of a guttural 
that a native of London can scarcely pronounce. In a great many nooks and 
corners of Germany, the letter [ before a consonant is pronounced like fcb, in 
©chafe/ and the letter g is pronounced like d) ; the word iveg, for example, along 
the banks of the Rhine, throughout Switzerland, and elsewhere, is pronounced 
as if written ve%. If we inquire why these letters are so pronounced, we shall 
find that the guttural sound of cb and that of [ch are very great favourites with 
the Germans, so much so, that they are disposed to make use of them a tort et 
a travers, as the French would say, in the same manner that an untutored na- 
tive of London in pronouncing English annihilates the letter h, substitutes v for 
w, and aspirates the vowels. Education alone can subdue these innate pre- 
judices ; it is not therefore amongst the generality of speakers that a pure pro- 
nunciation will be found, but only amongst the few who have devoted some at- 
tention to the organization and structure of their language. An Englishman 
who pronounces the consonants as they are pronounced in his own language, 
will give them the sound assigned to them by the best authorities in the lan- 
guage ; whilst, if he adopts the notions of a native of Germany on the subject, 
ten chances to one but the next German he meets with will question the accuracy 
of his pronunciation. 

In the preceding lesson, we have pointed out certain combinations of consonants 
that have particular sounds ; when two or more consonants occur together, not in- 
cluded amongst these, each letter has its individual sound ; for example, the 
letters gn, when together, have occasionally a particular sound in English, but 
not so in German ; each of these letters has its own sound, and so in the case of 
all other assemblages of consonants not included in the table given under the 
head Pronunciation, last lesson. 

If then the learner makes himself acquainted with the sounds peculiar to what 
we have called the combined consonants, the others will cause him little difficul- 
ty, since as we have said, they are all pronounced, with only three exceptions, as 
they are pronounced in English. 

COMPOSITION. 

As in the case of the preceding exercise under this head, we shall introduce 
some nouns that have not appeared in the text ; for the German of these the 
learner will have to consult the dictionary, and for their declension, the rules we 
have given under the head Construction. 

What is the world 7 - What is that ? 

What is it? Is it so 1 



COMPOSITION. 



Yes, it is so ? 

Is that good 1 

Is it cheap ? 

Is it dear ? 

Is he tall? 

Is he stout ? 

Is it here that the travellers died ? 

Is it there ? 

Where is the Post-office 1 

Where is the Bank ? 

Where is the Theatre ? 

Where is the Hotel ? 

Where is my servant ? 

That hat is mine.* 

That umbrella is ours. 

That carriage is theirs. 

Is that the person that killed Moreau? 

Is that the person that found the trea- 
sure? 

Is that the place where the treasure 
was found ? 

Is this the way to Lucerne? 

Do you play cards? 

Do you play whist ? 

Do you play chess ? 

When do you play cards ? 

With whom do you play whist ? 

How do you play whist ? 

Do you know who remained with the 
dead travellers 1 

Do you know who remained with the 
treasure ? 

Do you know who remained behind? 

Do you know who remained at home ? 

Do you know who killed the old wo- 
man's cat ? 

Do you know who poisoned my spar- 
rows ? 

Do you know who brought this note ? 

What did the person who brought my 
boots, say ? 

This is the person who went to the 
Post-office. 

This is the man who poisoned the 
birds. 

Do you know whom I brought to the 
(ins) house ? 

Do you know whom I found on the 
road? 

This is the gentleman with whom I 
went to Germany. 



This is the person to whom that dog 

belongs. 
This is the hotel in which I reside. 
Do you know what Napoleon said of 

Blucher ? 
Do you know what sauce I eat with 

lobsters ? 
Do you know what design that person 

has conceived ? 
Do you know which of these houses 

belongs to me ? 
Do you know to what empire Croatia 

belongs ? 
Do you know with what I poisoned 

the flies ? 
Do you know how the world has 

played with the three travellers ? 
Do you know how Kotzebue died ? 
Do you know how far Leipsic is from 

Dresden ? 
Do you know how far Lucerne is from 

Geneva ? 
Do you know how much of Germany 

belongs to the empire of Austria ? 
Do you know hoio much of Saxony 

belongs to the Duke of Saxe-Co- 

burg-Gotha? 
Do you know how much of Poland 

belongs to the King of Prussia ? 
Do you know how many Frenchmen 

there are in Germany ? 
Do you know how many beetles there 

are in my kitchen? 
Do you know why I poisoned my 

dogs? 
Do you know why I eat fish and not 

poultry ? 
Do you know why I eat melon, and 

not cucumbers ? 
Germany is a fine country, is it not ? f 
There are railways in Germany, are 

there not? 
Travelling is cheap in Germany, is 

it not ? 
Melons are good in Germany, are they 

not? 
Hotels are abundant in Germany, are 

they not ? 
Attendance is good in Germany, is 

it not ? 
What German towns are on the Rhine ? 



* This phrase may be rendered in German 5)tcfj ift mctn £ut, or Stefcr |>ut ift 
mrincr, or ©tcfcr put ift fcer metmgc. 

t The English interrogations, is it not ? was it not ? etc. are rendered in German 
by nicht wahr 1 two words that, translated literally, signify not true. 



56 BEADING. 

The Germans are as tranquil as the The Rhine is a lovely river. 

French are turbulent. Pest is the most beautiful place Of Xi 

Germany is as beautiful as France is sidence in the world. 

ugly. How charming ! 

The German towns are not so gay as How beautiful ! 

those of France. How excellent ! 

Vienna is nearly as gay as Paris. How tiresome ! 

The works of art in Germany are How insolent ! 

finer than those of France. How frightful ! 

The literature of Germany is infinitely How odd ! 

more advanced than that of any How lovely ! 

other country. How magnificent ! 



LESSON SIXTH. 
READING. 

REPETITION. 

SBag tft bte 2Mt ? ffiag ift eg ? 9Ba$ tft btc& ? 3ft eg fo? 3a, eg ift fo. 3(1 
biepgut ? 3ft eg mobtfcil ? 3ft eg tbeuer ? 3ft ct long? 3ft ct gtop ? 3ft eg 
btet, roobie JKcifenbcn ftarben ? 3ft eg tal 2Bo ift bag ^cfbamt ? 2Bo ift bie 
95anE 1 2Bo ift bag ©cbaufptelbaug ? 2Bo ift bag £otel I 2Bo ift mcin iDtener ? 
©tcp ift mcin .put ! ©tefet ©cbitm ift bee unftigc. £>icfc .Sutfcbe ift bte tbtige. 
3ft bag bte spcrfen, bte 9)ietcau crntctbete ? 3ft bag' bte ^ctfon, bte ben ©d)a§ fanb 1 
3ft bag bee Dtt mo ber &<S)ab gefunben mutbc 1 3ft bag bet 2Bcg nad) Cucetn ? 
©ptctcn ©te Garten? ©pteten ©ie 3Bf)ift "? ©pictcn ©ie ©cbacb? SBann fpiclcn 
©ie Garten 1 r STCit mem fpiclcn ©te SBbtjt ? 2Bic fpielen ©ie SBbtft ? SBtffen ©ie, 
met 6et ben tobten JKeifenben bltefc ? 2£iffcn ©ie, met bet bem ©d)a§c bltcb ? SBifs 
fen ©te, met jurucf bttcb ? Stiffen ©ie, met ,u &aufe Micb ? SBtffen (Sic, met bag 
atten SSeibeg £a§e umgebtaebt bat 1 SBiffen ©ic_, met mcine ©petlinge pet giftetc ? 
SBiflcn Sic met bicfeg SBittet btacbte 1 2Bag fagte bic spet|on, "Die mcine ©tiefc'l btad)r 
tc ? £>tcfi ift bte g)etfcn, bic nad) bem 5>eftamtc gtng. £)ag ift bee 50?ann, bet bte 
SSegcl petgiftctc. SBiffcn ©ie, men id) mit mit ins £aug btacbte? 2Btffcn ©te,mcn 
id) auf bent SBcge fanb 1 Sttcp tft ber #etr, mit bem id) nad) ©cutfebfanb gtng. 
£>ictj ift bie Sperfon, bem bet £unb gebett. 55tc§ tft i>a^, £otet, mctin id) mobne. 
SBtffen ©ie, mag 9iapo(eon pen ffitticbet fagte"! SBiffcn ©ic,mc(cbe ©auce icb mit 
£umntct effe ? Stiffen ©ie, metcben 2(nfcb(ag bicfe ^pcrfoii gefapt bat 1 SBiffcn ©ie, 
me(d)eg pen bicfen Jpdufctn mit gebett 1 SBiffcn ©te, ^u melchem 3ictd)c Stcatien ge= 
bctt ? SSiffcn ©ie, momit id) bie gftcgen petgifte 1 2Biffen ©ie, rcie bte 2Be(t ben 
btei JRetfenben mttgefpieft bat 1 SBtfien ©ie, mie .Kc|ebuc ftatb 1 SBtflfcn ©ie, mie 
ttjett fieip^ig pen ©tesben ift 1 Stiffen ©ie, mie mcit SujCtn pen (Senf ift 1 SSiffen 
©ie, rciepie( pen Deutfd)[anb bem .Raifertbum pen £)cftcteicb gebett? SSiffen ©te, 
mieptet pen ©aebfen bem ^ctjege pen ©aebfen Sebutg ©etba gebett? SBiffen ©te, 
tmepicl pen ^}plen bem ^enigc pen ^teuffen gebott 1 SLUffcn ©ie, rctc ptete ^tan^e: 
fen in S)eutfcb(anb finb ? 2Biffen ©ie, mie pie(c£afct inmcinct .jlttcbe finb "? Stiffen 
©ie, matum icb meinc .punbe petgiftete 1 Stiffen ©ie, matum id) J-ifd) unb fcin ©c; 
fliiget effe ? 2Btffen ©ie, matum id) 9Menen unb !cine ©utfen effe? ®cutfcb(anb 
tft cin fcbb'neg 2anb, mebt mabt ? ©g ftnb ©fenbabnen in 3)eutfd)tanb, nicbt mabt ? 
&a$ SRcifen ift mebtfeit in iDcutfcbtanb, uid)t mabf? 2}cclenen ftnb gut in ©eutfd)= 
tanb, nicbt mabt f ©ajtbofe ftnbim Uebctfiup in S)cutfd)(anb / nicbt mabf? ®ic2(uf; 
rcattung ift gut in Deutfcbtanb, nicbt mdfyc T SBelcbe beutfebe ©tabte finb am 3tfjctn ? 
25ie ©cutfeben ftnb fe tubig, mie bie $tan$efen untubtg finb. ©eutfcblanb ijt fo fd)6n 
mie gtanttcid) fjapttcr) ift. ®ie bcutfeben ©tabte ftnb nid)t fe luftig mie bte granjo* 
fifeben. SEien ijt faft eben fo luftig mie 9)attg. ©te bcutfeben ^unftmetEe finb febo* 



GRAMMAR. 59 

net ali tie ftanjofifcbcn. ©te fitttctatut ©eutfcfttanbStji uncnbltcr) toeitet oorgctudt 
als bieienige itgenb eincg anbern Sanbeg. ©a 9tbetn iji cin ticb(id)ct $tufj. spcjttjt 
bet fcfyonfte Sffiobnunggott con bet £8e(t. SBicrcqcnb! Sgic fcbb'n ! 2Bie ubctttef; 
fenb ! -2Bie langtocUtg ! SGBie gtob ! 233te futd)tetUcb. ! 2Bte etn$tg ! SBie lieb= 
tic!) ! SSic ptad)tt>oa ! 

TEXT. 

Instead of introducing a fresh subject for the exercises of the present lesson, 
we shall employ the portions of text already made use of, collecting the whole 
under one head. 

25ie brci JKetfenben. 

£)tct Kctfcnbc fanben etncn ©cbag auf ibrcm SBege, unb fagtcn : Set toit £ungct 
baben, mu{5 etnet con ung geben, tun Sffen ju fcmfen. 2>n bicfet 2(bficbt gtng einet 
fort unb btacbte ifjncn, toag ju etnet 932abt}ett gefyott. 

2Cbcr cr fagtc untctroegg bet fich felbft : tcf) mup bag $(eifd) octgtftcn, bamit meine 
©efabttcn ftctben, toenn fie bacon effen, unb tcf; ben ©cbafj alletn bebatte. @t fiifitte 
fein SSotbaben aug, unb octgtftete bie ©petfen. 

25te beiben anbetn, roetcbe roa'btenb fcinct 2Cbn>cfenbcit etncn gteicben 2tnfd)tag rots 
bet tbn ejefapt fatten, ctmotbeten ihn bet feinet Sutucftunft, unb blieben atfo SDJciftct 
oon bem <Bcba§e. Sfjacfibem fie tfin umgebtacfit batten, oetjebtten fie bte cetgifteten 
©prifert, unb fitatben atle betbe. 

©in 2Mttoeifct, bet an bicfem Dtte oorubet gtng, fagtc: febctroag bte 2Bett tftunb 
rote fie bicfen btci $)ctfonen mitgefpiett bat : 2Bebe bemicntgen, bet ttjee SRctcbtbumct 
octfongct ! 

GRAMMAR, 

The demonstrative pronouns are words used to determine more distinctly 
than the definite article an object or objects spoken of. In the English senten- 
ces, "The traveller died," and "That traveller died," the article the refers to 
some particular traveller, but the that determines more directly the identity of 
the individual in question. There are a great many demonstratives made use 
of in German ; they are declined like the article, with very few exceptions; we 
shall decline here such of them as are most frequently made use of, or that have 
some peculiarity about their declension likely to trouble the learner. 
25tefet, btefe, btcfcg or bief, this, these. 





SINGULAR. 


PLURAL 




Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


all Genders. 


Nom. biefet, 


btefe, 


biefeg, 


btefe. 


Gen. biefeg, 


bicfet 


biefeg, 


bicfet. 


Dat. btcfem, 


biefet, 


bicfem, 


btefen, 


Ace. bicfen, 


btefe, 


btcfeg, 


biefe. 




Scnet, iene, ieneg, 


that, those, yonder. 






SINGULAR. 


PLURAL 




Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


all Genders, 


Nom. ienet, 


iene, 


ieneg, 


iene. 


Gen. ieneg, 


ienet, 


ieneg, 


ienet. 


Dat. }enem, 


jenct, 


ienem, 


ienen. 


Ace. icnen, 


iene, 


ieneg, 


iene. 




£>et, bte, tiai, he 


, they, the person. 






SINGULAR. 


PLURAL 




Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


all Genders. 


Nom. bet, 


bte, 


bag, 


bie. 


Gen. beffen (befg or bcten, (bet), 


beffen (beff or befs), 


beten (bet or be* 


beS), 






tet). 


Dat. bem, 


bet, 


tern, 


benen (ben.) 


Ace ben, 


bte, 


bag, — 


bie. 



60 GRAMMAR. 

Setjcmge, btcienige, fcaSjentge, he, they, the person. 



s 


INGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. all Genders 


Nom. bct'ientge. bteicmge, baSicntgc, bteienigcn. 
Gen. befrjemgcn, bcqcntgcn, beSiemgen, bcnjcmgen. 
Dat. bcmicnigcn, bcrjcnigcn, bemicmgcn, bcnjenigen. 
Accbemjentgcn, betientge, SOagicnigc bteienigcn. 
Setjctbtge, btcfctbtgc, bafielbigc, himself, herself, itself, themselves. 


SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. all Genders. 


Nom. berfetbe, 
Gen. befietbcn, 
Dat. bemfetben, 
Ace. benfetben, 


btcfctbe, 
betfetben, 
bcrfetben, 
biefclbe, 


bafictbc, btcfetben. 
beffelbcn, bemfetben. 
bemfetben, benfetben. 
baffelbc, btcfetben. 




Reiner, fetnc, fetnc^, no. 


SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. all Genders. 


Nom. fetner, 
Gen. tetneS, 
Dat. fetnem, 
Ace. tcinen, 


fcinc, 
fctner, 
fcinct, 
tcine, 


feincS, feme. 
tctneS, fcincc 
fcincm, fcincn. 
fcincS, tcine. 


93eibe, both. 


2Cttc,all 


These two pronouns are only used in 
Nom. betbe. 
Gen. briber. 
Dat. beiben. 
Ace. bcibc. 


the plural. 

Nom. citte. 
Gen. otter. 
Dat. attcn. 
Ace. alle. 



@in jebcr, cin jebe, ein jebes, each. 

This pronoun is not used in the plural. 

Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. 

Nom. ctn jeber, cine jebe, cin jcbeg. 

Gen. eincS jeben, etnet jeben, ctncS jeben. 

Dat. cincm jeben, etnet jcben, ctnem jcben. 

Ace. etnen jeben. cine jebc, ctn jebcS. 

We have already seen that bet, bie, ba$, are articles equivalent to the English 
word the; we have also seen that bcr, bie, i>a.$, are relative pronouns, equivalent 
to the English words who, which, and that ; and now we have exhibited bet, bie, 
$>a$, as demonstrative pronouns, equivalent to two or three other English words. 
This diversity of meaning of bet and its various forms will cause the learner 
little difficulty, so far as writing German is concerned ; but in translating, it will 
be necessary to bear in mind, that, bcr, bie, ba$, have more meanings than one. 
The following phrases will show the necessity of bearing in mind the most 
various significations of the word bcr, in translating from German to English. 
Set (ScBal? ben id) fanb . . . The treasure that I found. 
Die, bie ben ©cbag fanbett . . They who the treasure found. 
2)Ct @cba|, ben bcr Stetfenbe fanb The treasure which the traveller found. 

2>ct, bie Spctfen bradhte . . The person who brought food. 

5Dag #tetfcf), bat ber JRcifenbe oergtftete. The meat that the traveller poisoned. 
2)ie ftnb t>a .... They are there. 

25er tft hut He is here. 

£>a$ finb gute gebetn . . . These are good pens. 



CONVERSATION. 61 

CONVERSATION. 

In the following exercise, we shall introduce some of the pronouns declined 
under the head Grammar, in the present lesson ; we shall make very frequent 
use of the demonstrative betienigc, of which the form bemicntgen has occurred in 
the text. The pronoun bericntge is a compound word, consisting of the article 
ber, the, the demonstrative fence, that, and the termination, tg, which when ap- 
pended to a noun or a verb, converts it into an adjective. The use we shall 
make of bcricnigc will not only illustrate the meaning of the pronoun itself, but 
also that of the entire class of words to which it belongs. 

In addition to the words already known, we shall in the present exercise em- 
ploy the following : 

augbrtictttcb, . . directly, pronounced a-oivs-druh'-lifc 
folcbc, . . . such, „ sol-xe. 

trgenb jemano, . . anybody, „ eer-gend-yai-mand. 

Oft, . . . . often, „ ojt. 

The learner must bear in mind that beqentge, in the singular, is equivalent to 
the English expression, " the person;" and in the plural to " the persons," there 
is no pronoun in English that corresponds exactly with this German demon- 
strative. 
2Bcr fagtc,rotr f>aben.£ungct ? .... ©ieiemgen, bte ben ©cba§ fanben. 

SBcr fanb cincn ©cbag ? 3)iciemgen, bte fagtcn, rotr haben $um 

gee. 
SBaS fagtcn bicientgen bte ben ©cfyag fan; ©ie fagtcn, roir fiaben hunger. 

ben? 
©agten btqentgen, reetdje ben ©cbag fan; 3fa, bag fagten fie. 

ben, rotr fyaben £ungcr ? 
2Bo fanben btcicnigen, bte fagtcn writ fiaben 2£uf tfitem SBege. 

hunger, cincn ©d)a§ ? 

2Bcr Eaufte effen ? . ©erjcntge, racier fortgtng. 

SBer gtng fort ? Setjentge, roctcbcc bag (Sffen bracbte. 

2Ber brad)te bag Sffen ?...... 2>erienigc, ber fortgtng. 

3n njctcbcc 2fbftcbt gtng er fort ? Urn ®ffen ju Eaufen. 

Eaufte beqemge (Sffcn, ber fort gtng 1 3a, er Eaufte (SfTen. 

SBer ocrgtftetc bte ©petfen ? ' ©erjentgc, roetd)er fie brad)te. 

2Ber bracbte bte ©petfen ? £)ct{emge,nxfcf)et fie Pctgtftetc. 

SBcrbtteb aftctjicr beg ©cbagcg? 2)ieiemgen, roclcfje thren ©efafjrten er? 

tnorbeten. 
2Bcr rourbe crmotbet ? ©criemge, roetcber fortgtng urn (Sffen ju 

Eaufen. 
SBcr fagte, tcb muf; bte ©petfen pergtftcn ? ©erjenige, rocfeber fortgtng. 
SDBer ajj bte ©petfen 1 35te bciben ,urud gebltebencn 3?etfenbcn. 

2Cp bericntge, nxtcher crmorbct rourbe, eon SRctn, er ajj ntcbt bapon. 

ben Pergtftcten ©petfen 1 
ffitieben bicientgen, roctcbe tfjrcn ®cfahr= 3a, fie blteben SWeifter bapon. 

ten ermorbetcn, SOIeiftcr beg ©cba§eg ? 
©tarben tie 9Jietfier son bem ©cbage ? 3a, fie ftarben. 

SBann ftarben bte SOJeiftcc pon bem Sei ber SurttcfEunft begienigen, roctcr)cc 

©d>a|c 1 effen bracbte. 

2Bcr ftarb bet ber SurucEEunft begienigen 3)teicntgen,bie3urucf gcbltcbcntparen. 

ber ©petfen bracbte ? 
SGBtc ftarben btcicnigen, bte $uruct gebtieben ©te rourben pergtftct. 

roarcn ? 
2Bee rourbe pergiftet ? Stcientgcn, roetcbeaurucf gebtieben mwn, 

SBcr gtng an bem £)tte portiber wo bte 3?et= (Sin 2Bcttrocifer«. 

fenben ftarben ? 



62 



CONVERSATION. * 



2£as fagte betjcnige, bet an bem £)tte cor; 

fi&ec ging, mo bte JReifcnben ftatbcn ? 
2Bo ging berientgc, bet fagte ; fefjct mag tie 

SGScrt ift ? 

SDSarum fagte beticnigc, bet an bem £Me 
cotiibet ging : fcfjet mag bte SBett ift ? 
2Befcf)e 3?ctfcnbe ftatbcn an bicfcm £)ttc ? 
SBet cctgiftctc feine ©efdfjtten 1 

2Bct fiat einen @cfaf)ttcn umgcbtacfyt ? 

33Scr mutbe umgcbtacfyt ? 

2Bet btacbtc bag ©ffen ? 

2Bet cctgiftctc bag Sffen ? 

2Bct fajjte einen 2(nfcf)tag ? 

SBct faQtc ctnen g(cicf)cn tfnfcfjlag ? 

SBer btteb an bem Dttc ? 

Set fufjrtc fctnen 2lnfd)(ag aug ? 

2£et Earn sutticf ? 

2Bct cct$cf)tte tie cctgiftetcn ©pcifen ? 

2Bet ctmotbetc ctnen ©cfaljttcn? 

SBct ftatb ? 

@tarb betjcnige, mc(cf)ct fottging ? 

©tatben bicicnigcn, mctcfyc bit cctgiftetcn 

©peifen af-en ? 
(Statben bicicnigcn, roctcfye ifjtcn ©efafjttcn 

ctmetbctcn ? 
SSie ftatbcn bie 9tcifcnben bic ben <Sd)a§ 

fanben ? 
SJJtt mem fptefte bie 23cCt ? 
©picttc bie SBett mit bcnicnigcn, bic ben 

@cl)a§ fanben 1 
aSatum fpictte bie SScft mit benjenigen bie 

ben <Scf)a| fanben?' 
23ct ccrlangtc bie 3tcicf)tf)umcr betSBclt?- 
Stcicnigen, bie ben Scf)a& fanben, octtang; 

ten fte bie 5Kcicf)t()umct bee SBelt 7 
2Bet fagte bafj bic 23ctt mit ifmen gefptcft 

fjattc? 
SfBcfcbet con ben btet JRcifenbcn cctgiftctc 

feine ©cfafjttcn 1 
SS5c(ci)c sen ben btei Dtctfenben a£cn bie 

cctgiftetcn ©peifen 7 
2Bc(ct)cc con ben brei SRcifenben fafjte eincn 

2tnfd)tag? 



SEo ftnb bte brci atetfenben ? 
2Bie mtffcn @ic biefj ? 
2Cuf mcldbem SBegc faf) fie bee SBettmctfc? 
SBat eg in 55cutfcf)fanb, mo bie 9teifenben 
ben ©c^ag fanben 2 



(St fagte: fetjet wag t>ic SDSctt tft! 

@t gtng an bem £>tte, mo bie 9teifenben 

ftatbcn. 
SQBetl ct bic btei tobtcn SJeifenben an btes 

fern £)tte fanb. 
©ieienigen, bic ben (£cf)a(5 fanben. 
Dctjcnigc, mctcfyer fettging ©ffen ju faus 

fen. 
Siejcnigcn, mctcfje bie cctgiftetcn ©peifen 

afjen. 
©ctjenige, roclcfjet bag (Sffcn btacfyte. 
©etjenige, mctcl^et eg cctgiftctc. 
©ctjcntgc, mc(d)ct fettging eg ju Eaufen. 
Setjenige, metcbet fettging. 
©iejenigen, mc(cl)c an bem SDtte Mieben. 
©iejenigen, metctje ctnen g(cicl)cn 2(nfd)tag 

faf-tcn. 
Sctjcnigc, me(d)et i^n gefapt fyatte. 
5)eticnigcme(cl)et fettging. 
Sicjenigen, mcld)e if)ten ©cfd^tten et« 

motbeten. 
©ieicnigen, mclcfjc bie petgiftetcn <Spei; 

fen t»ctjef)ttcn. 
iDicjenigcn, roctcl)c ben @cf;a| octlangten. 
3a, et mutbe etmotbet. 
3a, fte ftat&cn atle 6eibc. 

$a, fie ftat&en. 

(Sinct con ifmen mutbe etmotbet, bie bets 

ben anbetn mutben octgiftet. 
SKit benjenigen bic ben <Sd)ag fanben. 
3a, fte fpictte mit ifmen. 

2Bei( fte ifjtc 9?cid)tfjumet petlangten. 

jDiqcnigcn bie ben @cf)a§ fanben. 

3a, ein jebcr octtangte ben ©cfyagfut ftc^ 

fcttftp f>aben. 
Sctjenigc, bet an bem Dttc, mo bic 3tets 

fenben ftatkn, s otttOet ging. 
©ctienige, rccld)Ct fottging, (Sffen ju 

!aufen. 
S)ic beiben, roefefye ^utudEbfieben. 

©ctjenige, mc(d)ct fottging, ©peifen ju 
!aufen, fa&te ben li nfcf)lag feine ®es 
fdf)ttcn bamit ^u cctgiftcn ; feine 
beiben ©efafittcn fasten einen gteis 
ct)cn 2Cnfcf)(ag micbet if>n. 

©icftnbaUetobt. 

Set 2Be(tmeife faf) fte tobt auf bem SOBege, 

2Cuf bem SBege mo fte ben @cf;a§ fanben. 

SGSit petmutfjcn eg. 



CONSTRUCTION. 63 

28cm gefjStte bet ©djag ? SOBtr roiffcn e3 ntdjfc 

©aft tccjcnt" jcmanb ben ©djaf ? 3a, bee 2Mtroctfe faf) tfin. 

2Ba? fagte bet SBettrceife ate cr ben ©cftag <5t fagte febet roaS bic SBelt iff, unD 

fah ? rote fie btefen btetcn ^etfonen mit* 

gefpiett f)at. 
©agte ber SKeftrcctfe bafj ct SRcicfjtfiamet S^cin, er fagte : roefje benienigen btc fot= 

ocrtongte ? cbe ccrtangen. 

2BaS 6cfatlt benienigen rcetebe SKetctjtftumct S5te SOSctt fptett oft fibct nut tfjncn. 

pctlangcn ? 
©agte bet 5Mmxife &a(5 bte brct SKeifenbcn (St fagte e$ niiht auSbrucf(td) *, after 

9tetcl)tf)umet pettangt fatten ? ein jcbet fjattc oettangt ben ©cftajs 

fut fid) ailein ju fyaben. 
2Bag rourbe auS * bent ©cfiagc ? 2Btt nnffen eg nicfyt. 

2£aS routbe auS ben brei JReifenben ? (Stnet routbe ctmctbet, bie fcctben ans 

bern mutben petgtftet. 

CONSTRUCTION. 

XX. 

We have detailed at length, in sections VIII. IX. XVII. and XIX. four 
circumstances under which the words of a German and English sentence are 
not arranged in precisely the same manner. We shall again pass these four 
points of difference between the construction of the two languages under review, 
so that the learner may be enabled to form a more accurate conception of their 
nature by regarding them assembled together in one focus. 

In the sentence, 

2Btt open ben JRetfenbcn. We ate the traveller, 
there is nothing that calls for a change in the order of the words, the construe 
tion is consequently the same in German as it is in English. 

In the sentence, 

SBtt muffen ben JReifenbcn effen. We must eat the traveller, 
the case is altered; here there are two verbs. We said, section XL, that 
when two verbs are employed in a sentence, the second, if an infinitive, is plac- 
ed after the subject. In the sentence before us, the infinitive effen is placed 
after its subject, ben JKeifenben, so that the English order of the words, " We 
must eat the traveller," becomes in German, "We must the traveller eat. 11 

In the sentence, 

®a nnt ben Keifenben apen. When we ate the traveller, 
the conjunctive adverb, ta, sends the verb to the end of the sentence, so that 
we have in English, " when we ate the traveller," and in German, " when we 
the traveller ate.' 1 '' 

In the sentence, 

•Da tott ben SRctfenben effen muffen. As we must eat the traveller, 
the auxiliarty must is introduced. In consequence of the word ba, being made 
use of in the sentence, the verb effen is placed after its subject, ben 9?etfenben, 
and the auxiliary uiiiffen is placed last of all ; the place of the auxiliary, under 
such circumstances, being after the verb. 

In the sentence, 
SDa tutt ben SRcifcnbcn effett muffen, muf; As we must eat the traveller, we 
fen out tfm ctmotben. must kill him. 

* 3Bag rouvbe ou$ is the German equivalent for the English interrogation, 
k What became of V 



64 PRONUNCIATION. • 

The first member of this sentence resembles in construction the example pre- 
ceding ; the verb ntuffcn, in the second member of the sentence, changes places 
with its pronoun rott in consequence of the transposition that has taken place in 
the first member, on account of the transpositive faculty possessed by the con- 
junction la. 

These observations, by bringing the whole of the cases in which the con- 
struction of the two languages vary under one point of view, will enable the 
learner to determine the circumstance in which he must deviate from the Eng- 
lish order in writing German. 

PRONUNCIATION. 



Accent consists in throwing the stress of the voice on a particular syllable, 
as in the pronunciation of the word ma-le-vo-lence, in which it will be observed 
the syllable le is much more distinctly enunciated than any of the others : in 
English, the word contrary is accented on the first syllable, thus, con'tra-ry ; 
some persons nevertheless accent it on the second syallable, and say con-tra'-ry. 
It is a fault in English to place in this way the accent on a wrong syllable, and 
so it is in German : every German word of more than one syllable must be ac- 
cented, and in every case the stress of the voice must fall upon the proper syl- 
lable, otherwise the word will not be correctly pronounced. The difficulty with 
regard to the accent is to know the precise syllable on which the accent should 
be placed ; there is a remarkable analogy between the accentuation of the 
words in English and German, the English language in this respect bears the 
impress of its Saxon origin. Saxon words may have become so altered in form 
as scarcely to be recognised ; their meaning may have been changed, and a large 
portion of them may have entirely disappeared. The Saxon accent, however, 
still exists, and still maintains its sway over the language. Words therefore 
that are the same in German and in English, and there are many of them, are 
for the most part accented in both languages on the same syllable. 

In order to show how the German words are accented, we shall have to di- 
vide them into two classes, simple and compound ; by a compound word we 
mean the union of two actual words to express a single object ; the word 
candlestick, for example, is a compound of this kind, consisting of the word 
candle and stick; the word snuffers is likewise a compound word, consisting of 
the word snuff and the termination ers, the syllable ers however being only a 
facultative suffix, and not a distinct word, snuffers comes under the designation 
of simple in our present category. Keeping in view this division of the Ger- 
man words into simple and compound, the following rules will enable the learn- 
er to accentuate the great majority of them correctly : 

1st. Accentuate simple words on the root, as in the English words, he-hind', 
be-hold', love'-ly, pains' '-taking, neigh '-hour-hood ; so in the German words, ges 
hott', bc;hal'=tc, SSor^a'.-bcn, ixpgif ten, i\\*c\\&'. 

2d. Accentuate compound words on the determinating word (generally 
placed first), as in the English words, ale'-house, ivatch'-man, so in the German 
words, aBctt'irocife, 3?cid)'=thumer. 

When a word consists of several syllables, there is generally a secondary accent, 
as in such words as ne-ces-si-ta-rian ; this accent in German is placed on the 
root of the principal word, thus, ;U=tud'':gc:b(tc;()cn. There are some exceptions 
to these rules, but there are none of very great importance ; the learner in reading 
should mark the accented syllable of the words with a pencil until he becomes 
sufficiently conversant with the pronunciation of the language to be able to dis- 
pense with this precaution. 



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